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  • 1.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Imayama, Shintaro
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Lingwood, Rebecca J.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. University of Cambridge, United Kingdom .
    Örlü, Ramis
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Segalini, Antonio
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Turbulent boundary layers over flat plates and rotating disks-The legacy of von Karman: A Stockholm perspective2013In: European journal of mechanics. B, Fluids, ISSN 0997-7546, E-ISSN 1873-7390, Vol. 40, p. 17-29Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Many of the findings and ideas of von Karman are still of interest to the fluid dynamics community. For instance, his result that the mean velocity distribution in turbulent flows has a logarithmic behavior with respect to the distance from the centreline is still a cornerstone for everybody working in wall-bounded turbulence and was first presented to an international audience in Stockholm at the Third International Congress for Applied Mechanics in 1930. In this paper we discuss this result and also how the so-called von Karman constant can be determined in a new simple way. We also discuss the possibility of a second (outer) maximum of the streamwise velocity fluctuations, a result that was implicit in some of the assumptions proposed by von Karman.

  • 2.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.
    Kato, Kentaro
    Shinshu Univ, Dept Mech Syst Engn, Nagano, Japan..
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.
    Flows Over Rotating Disks and Cones2024In: Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, ISSN 0066-4189, E-ISSN 1545-4479, Vol. 56, p. 45-68Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Rotating-disk flows were first considered by von Karman in a seminal paper in 1921, where boundary layers in general were discussed and, in two of the nine sections, results for the laminar and turbulent boundary layers over a rotating disk were presented. It was not until in 1955 that flow visualization discovered the existence of stationary cross-flow vortices on the disk prior to the transition to turbulence. The rotating disk can be seen as a special case of rotating cones, and recent research has shown that broad cones behave similarly to disks, whereas sharp cones are susceptible to a different type of instability. Here, we provide a review of the major developments since von Karman's work from 100 years ago, regarding instability, transition, and turbulence in the boundary layers, and we include some analysis not previously published.

  • 3.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Fluid Physics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Lingwood, Rebecca J.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. University of Cambridge, United Kingdom .
    Rotation Effects on Wall-Bounded Flows: Some Laboratory Experiments2014In: Modeling Atmospheric and Oceanic Flows: Insights from Laboratory Experiments and Numerical Simulations, Wiley-Blackwell, 2014, p. 83-100Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This chapter focuses on three different categories: (1) system rotation vector parallel to mean-flow vorticity; (2) flows set up by the rotation of one or more boundaries; and (3) system rotation aligned with the mean-flow direction. The flows in the different categories above differ with respect to their geometry but, more importantly, in how rotation affects them. The chapter focuses on three different flows that are relatively amenable to laboratory investigation, one from each category described above: One is plane Couette flow undergoing system rotation about an axis normal to the mean flow, another is the von Kármán boundary layer flow, and the third is axially rotating pipe flow. It defines important nondimensional parameters that govern them and discuss some of their interesting flow features in various parameter ranges. Various experimental realizations of the three different flow systems are described and considerations and limitations regarding the laboratory systems are discussed.

  • 4.
    Appelquist, Elinor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. Swedish e-Science Research Centre (SeRC).
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. Swedish e-Science Research Centre (SeRC).
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Lingwood, Rebecca J.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. University of Cambridge, Cambridge .
    Investigation of the Global Instability of the Rotating-disk Boundary Layer2015In: Procedia IUTAM, Elsevier, 2015, p. 321-328Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The development of the flow over a rotating disk is investigated by direct numerical simulations using both the linearized and fully nonlinear incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. These simulations allow investigation of the transition to turbulence of the realistic spatially-developing boundary layer. The current research aims to elucidate further the global linear stability properties of the flow, and relate these to local analysis and discussions in literature. An investigation of the nonlinear upstream (inward) influence is conducted by simulating a small azimuthal section of the disk (1/68). The simulations are initially perturbed by an impulse disturbance where, after the initial transient behaviour, both the linear and nonlinear simulations show a temporally growing upstream mode. This upstream global mode originates in the linear case close to the end of the domain, excited by an absolute instability at this downstream position. In the nonlinear case, it instead originates where the linear region ends and nonlinear harmonics enter the flow field, also where an absolute instability can be found. This upstream global mode can be shown to match a theoretical mode from local linear theory involved in the absolute instability at either the end of the domain (linear case) or where nonlinear harmonics enter the field (nonlinear case). The linear simulation grows continuously in time whereas the nonlinear simulation saturates and the transition to turbulence moves slowly upstream towards smaller radial positions asymptotically approaching a global upstream mode with zero temporal growth rate, which is estimated at a nondimensional radius of 582.

  • 5.
    Appelquist, Ellinor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Fluid Physics.
    Imayama, Shintaro
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Fluid Physics.
    Alfredsson, Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Fluid Physics.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Stability, Transition and Control.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Fluid Physics. University of Cambridge, UK.
    Linear disturbances in the rotating-disk flow: a comparison between results from simulations, experiments and theory2014Report (Other academic)
  • 6.
    Appelquist, Ellinor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Fluid Physics.
    Imayama, Shintaro
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Fluid Physics.
    Alfredsson, Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Fluid Physics.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Stability, Transition and Control.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, United Kingdom.
    Linear disturbances in the rotating-disk flow: A comparison between results from simulations, experiments and theory2016In: European journal of mechanics. B, Fluids, ISSN 0997-7546, E-ISSN 1873-7390, Vol. 55, p. 170-181Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The incompressible Navier-Stokes equations have an exact similarity solution for the flow over an infinite rotating disk giving a laminar boundary layer of constant thickness, also known as the von Kármán flow. It is well known now that there is an absolute instability of the boundary layer which is linked to transition to turbulence, but convective routes are also observed. It is these convective modes that we focus on here. A comparison of three different approaches to investigate the convective, so called Type-I, stationary crossflow instability is presented here. The three approaches consist of local linear stability analysis, direct numerical simulations (DNS) and experiments. The ’shooting method’ was used to compute the local linear stability whereas linear DNS was performed using a spectral-element method for a full annulus of the disk, a quarter and 1/32 of an annulus, each with one roughness element in the computational domain. These correspond to simulating one, four and 32 roughness elements on the full disk surface and in addition a case with randomly-distributed roughnesses was simulated on the full disk. Two different experimental configurations were used for the comparison: i) a clean-disk condition, i.e. unexcited boundary-layer flow; and ii) a rough-disk condition, where 32 roughness elements were placed on the disk surface to excite the Type-I stationary vortices. Comparisons between theory, DNS and experiments with respect to the structure of the stationary vortices are made. The results show excellent agreement between local linear stability analysis and both DNS and experiments for a fixed azimuthal wavenumber (32 roughnesses). This agreement clearly shows that the three approaches capture the same underlying physics of the setup, and lead to an accurate description of the flow. It also verifies the numerical simulations and shows the robustness of experimental measurements of the flow case. The effects of the azimuthal domain size in the DNS and superposition of multiple azimuthal wavenumbers in the DNS and experiments are discussed.

  • 7.
    Appelquist, Ellinor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Imayama, Shintaro
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Alfredsson, Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Simulating the linear behaviour of the flow over a rotating disk due to roughness elements2014Report (Other academic)
  • 8.
    Appelquist, Ellinor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Schlatter, Philip
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Lingwood, Rebecca J.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. University of London, United Kingdom.
    On the global nonlinear instability of the rotating-disk flow over a finite domain2016In: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, ISSN 0022-1120, E-ISSN 1469-7645, Vol. 803, p. 332-355Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Direct numerical simulations based on the incompressible nonlinear Navier-Stokes equations of the flow over the surface of a rotating disk have been conducted. An impulsive disturbance was introduced and its development as it travelled radially outwards and ultimately transitioned to turbulence has been analysed. Of particular interest was whether the nonlinear stability is related to the linear stability properties. Specifically three disk-edge conditions were considered; (i) a sponge region forcing the flow back to laminar flow, (ii) a disk edge, where the disk was assumed to be infinitely thin and (iii) a physically realistic disk edge of finite thickness. This work expands on the linear simulations presented by Appelquist el al. (J. Fluid. Mech., vol. 765, 2015, pp. 612-631), where, for case (i), this configuration was shown to be globally linearly unstable when the sponge region effectively models the influence of the turbulence on the flow field. In contrast, case (ii) was mentioned there to he linearly globally stable, and here, where nonlinearity is included, it is shown that both cases (ii) and (iii) are nonlinearly globally unstable. The simulations show that the flow can he globally linearly stable if the linear wavepacket has a positive front velocity. However, in the same flow field, a nonlinear global instability can emerge, which is shown to depend on the outer turbulent region generating a linear inward-travelling mode that sustains a transition front within the domain. The results show that the front position does not approach the critical Reynolds number for the local absolute instability, R = 507. Instead, the front approaches R = 583 and both the temporal frequency and spatial growth rate correspond to a global mode originating at this position.

  • 9.
    Appelquist, Ellinor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Alfredsson, Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Global linear instability and the radial boundary of the rotating-disk flowManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 10.
    Appelquist, Ellinor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Fluid Physics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Stability, Transition and Control. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Alfredsson, Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Fluid Physics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. nstitute of Continuing Education, University of Cambridge, Madingley Hall, Madingley Cambridge, United Kingdom .
    Global linear instability of the rotating-disk flow investigated through simulations2015In: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, ISSN 0022-1120, E-ISSN 1469-7645, Vol. 765, p. 612-631Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Numerical simulations of the flow developing on the surface of a rotating disk are presented based on the linearized incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The boundary-layer flow is perturbed by an impulsive disturbance within a linear global framework, and the effect of downstream turbulence is modelled by a damping region further downstream. In addition to the outward-travelling modes, inward-travelling disturbances excited at the radial end of the simulated linear region, r(end), by the modelled turbulence are included within the simulations, potentially allowing absolute instability to develop. During early times the flow shows traditional convective behaviour, with the total energy slowly decaying in time. However, after the disturbances have reached r(end), the energy evolution reaches a turning point and, if the location of r(end) is at a Reynolds number larger than approximately R = 594 (radius non-dimensionalized by root v/Omega*, where v is the kinematic viscosity and Omega* is the rotation rate of the disk), there will be global temporal growth. The global frequency and mode shape are clearly imposed by the conditions at r(end). Our results suggest that the linearized Ginzburg-Landau model by Healey (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 663, 2010, pp. 148-159) captures the (linear) physics of the developing rotating-disk flow, showing that there is linear global instability provided the Reynolds number of r(end) is sufficiently larger than the critical Reynolds number for the onset of absolute instability.

  • 11.
    Appelquist, Ellinor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Centres, Competence Center for Gas Exchange (CCGEx). KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Transition to turbulence in the rotating-disk boundary layer2020In: ETC 2013 - 14th European Turbulence Conference, Zakon Group LLC , 2020Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The development of the flow over a rotating disk is investigated by direct numerical simulations using both the linearised and fully nonlinear Navier-Stokes equations. The nonlinear simulations allow investigation of the transition to turbulence of the realistic spatially-developing boundary layer, and these simulations can be directly validated by physical experiments of the same case. The current research aims to elucidate further the global stability properties of the flow. So far, there are no conclusive simulations available in the literature for the fully nonlinear case for this flow, and since the nonlinearity is particularly relevant for transition to turbulence an increased understanding of this process is expected. 

  • 12.
    Appelquist, Ellinor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Transition to turbulence in the rotating-disk boundary-layer flow with stationary vorticesArticle in journal (Refereed)
  • 13.
    Appelquist, Ellinor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Turbulence in the rotating-disk boundary layer investigated through direct numerical simulationsArticle in journal (Refereed)
  • 14.
    Appelquist, Ellinor
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Schlatter, Philipp
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, United Kingdom.
    Turbulence in the rotating-disk boundary layer investigated through direct numerical simulations2018In: European journal of mechanics. B, Fluids, ISSN 0997-7546, E-ISSN 1873-7390, Vol. 70, p. 6-18Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are reported for the turbulent rotating-disk boundary layer for the first time. Two turbulent simulations are presented with overlapping small and large Reynolds numbers, where the largest corresponds to a momentum-loss Reynolds number of almost 2000. Simulation data are compared with experimental data from the same flow case reported by Imayama et al. (2014), and also a comparison is made with a numerical simulation of a two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer (2DTBL) over a flat plate reported by Schlatter and Örlü (2010). The agreement of the turbulent statistics between experiments and simulations is in general very good, as well as the findings of a missing wake region and a lower shape factor compared to the 2DTBL. The simulations also show rms-levels in the inner region similar to the 2DTBL. The simulations validate Imayama et al.’s results showing that the rotating-disk turbulent boundary layer in the near-wall region contains shorter streamwise (azimuthal) wavelengths than the 2DTBL, probably due to the outward inclination of the low-speed streaks. Moreover, all velocity components are available from the simulations, and hence the local flow angle, Reynolds stresses and all terms in the turbulent kinetic energy equation are also discussed. However there are in general no large differences compared to the 2DTBL, hence the three-dimensional effects seem to have only a small influence on the turbulence.

  • 15.
    Imayama, Shintaro
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Fluid Physics.
    Alfredsson, Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Fluid Physics.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics, Fluid Physics. Institute of Continuing Education, University of Cambridge.
    Experimental study of the rotating-disk boundary-layer flow with surface roughness2014Report (Other academic)
  • 16.
    Imayama, Shintaro
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Alfredsson, Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Lingwood, Rebecca J.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Experimental study of rotating-disk boundary-layer flow with surface roughness2016In: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, ISSN 0022-1120, E-ISSN 1469-7645, Vol. 786Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Rotating-disk boundary-layer flow is known to be locally absolutely unstable at R> 507 as shown by Lingwood (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 299, 1995, pp. 17-33) and, for the clean-disk condition, experimental observations show that the onset of transition is highly reproducible at that Reynolds number. However, experiments also show convectively unstable stationary vortices due to cross-flow instability triggered by unavoidable surface roughness of the disk. We show that if the surface is sufficiently rough, laminar turbulent transition can occur via a convectively unstable route ahead of the onset of absolute instability. In the present work we compare the laminar turbulent transition processes with and without artificial surface roughnesses. The differences are clearly captured in the spectra of velocity time series. With the artificial surface roughness elements, the stationary-disturbance component is dominant in the spectra, whereas both stationary and travelling components are represented in spectra for the clean-disk condition. The wall-normal profile of the disturbance velocity for the travelling mode observed for a clean disk is in excellent agreement with the critical absolute instability eigenfunction from local theory; the wall-normal stationary-disturbance profile, by contrast, is distinct and the experimentally measured profile matches the stationary convective instability eigenfunction. The results from the clean-disk condition are compared with theoretical studies of global behaviours in spatially developing flow and found to be in good qualitative agreement. The details of stationary disturbances are also discussed and it is shown that the radial growth rate is in excellent agreement with linear stability theory. Finally, large stationary structures in the breakdown region are described.

  • 17.
    Imayama, Shintaro
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Lingwood, Rebecca J.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    A new way to describe the transition characteristics of a rotating-disk boundary-layer flow2012In: Physics of fluids, ISSN 1070-6631, E-ISSN 1089-7666, Vol. 24, no 3, p. 031701-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A new method of graphically representing the transition stages of a rotating-disk flow is presented. The probability density function contour map of the fluctuating azimuthal disturbance velocity is used to show the characteristics of the boundary-layer flow over the rotating disk as a function of Reynolds numbers. Compared with the variation of the disturbance amplitude (rms) or spectral distribution, this map more clearly shows the changing flow characteristics through the laminar, transitional, and turbulent regions. This method may also be useful to characterize the different stages in the transition process not only for the rotating-disk flow but also for other flows.

  • 18.
    Imayama, Shintaro
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Lingwood, Rebecca J.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    An Experimental Study of a Rotating-Disk Turbulent Boundary-Layer Flow2012Report (Other academic)
  • 19.
    Imayama, Shintaro
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Lingwood, Rebecca J.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    An Experimental Study of Edge Effects on Rotating-Disk Transition2012Report (Other academic)
  • 20.
    Imayama, Shintaro
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Lingwood, Rebecca J.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    An experimental study of edge effects on rotating-disk transition2013In: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, ISSN 0022-1120, E-ISSN 1469-7645, Vol. 716, p. 638-657Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The onset of transition for the rotating-disk flow was identified by Lingwood (J. Fluid. Mech., vol. 299, 1995, pp. 17-33) as being highly reproducible, which motivated her to look for absolute instability of the boundary-layer flow; the flow was found to be locally absolutely unstable above a Reynolds number of 507. Global instability, if associated with laminar-turbulent transition, implies that the onset of transition should be highly repeatable across different experimental facilities. While it has previously been shown that local absolute instability does not necessarily lead to linear global instability: Healey (J. Fluid. Mech., vol. 663, 2010, pp. 148-159) has shown, using the linearized complex Ginzburg-Landau equation, that if the finite nature of the flow domain is accounted for, then local absolute instability can give rise to linear global instability and lead directly to a nonlinear global mode. Healey (J. Fluid. Mech., vol. 663, 2010, pp. 148-159) also showed that there is a weak stabilizing effect as the steep front to the nonlinear global mode approaches the edge of the disk, and suggested that this might explain some reports of slightly higher transition Reynolds numbers, when located close to the edge. Here we look closely at the effects the edge of the disk have on laminar-turbulent transition of the rotatingdisk boundary-layer flow. We present data for three different edge configurations and various edge Reynolds numbers, which show no obvious variation in the transition Reynolds number due to proximity to the edge of the disk. These data, together with the application (as far as possible) of a consistent definition for the onset of transition to others' results, reduce the already relatively small scatter in reported transition Reynolds numbers, suggesting even greater reproducibility than previously thought for 'clean' disk experiments. The present results suggest that the finite nature of the disk, present in all real experiments, may indeed, as Healey (J. Fluid. Mech., vol. 663, 2010, pp. 148-159) suggests, lead to linear global instability as a first step in the onset of transition but we have not been able to verify a correlation between the transition Reynolds number and edge Reynolds number.

  • 21.
    Imayama, Shintaro
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Lingwood, Rebecca J.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    On the laminar-turbulent transition of the rotating-disk flow: the role of absolute instability2014In: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, ISSN 0022-1120, E-ISSN 1469-7645, Vol. 745, p. 132-163Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper describes a detailed experimental study using hot-wire anemometry of the laminar-turbulent transition region of a rotating-disk boundary-layer flow without any imposed excitation of the boundary layer. The measured data are separated into stationary and unsteady disturbance fields in order to elaborate on the roles that the stationary and the travelling modes have in the transition process. We show the onset of nonlinearity consistently at Reynolds numbers, R, of similar to 510, i.e. at the onset of Lingwood's (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 299, 1995, pp. 17-33) local absolute instability, and the growth of stationary vortices saturates at a Reynolds number of similar to 550. The nonlinear saturation and subsequent turbulent breakdown of individual stationary vortices independently of their amplitudes, which vary azimuthally, seem to be determined by well-defined Reynolds numbers. We identify unstable travelling disturbances in our power spectra, which continue to grow, saturating at around R = 585, whereupon turbulent breakdown of the boundary layer ensues. The nonlinear saturation amplitude of the total disturbance field is approximately constant for all considered cases, i.e. different rotation rates and edge Reynolds numbers. We also identify a travelling secondary instability. Our results suggest that it is the travelling disturbances that are fundamentally important to the transition to turbulence for a clean disk, rather than the stationary vortices. Here, the results appear to show a primary nonlinear steep-fronted (travelling) global mode at the boundary between the local convectively and absolutely unstable regions, which develops nonlinearly interacting with the stationary vortices and which saturates and is unstable to a secondary instability. This leads to a rapid transition to turbulence outward of the primary front from approximately R = 565 to 590 and to a fully turbulent boundary layer above 650.

  • 22.
    Imayama, Shintaro
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    An Experimental Study of a Rotating-Disk Turbulent Boundary-Layer Flow2014In: PROGRESS IN TURBULENCE V / [ed] Talamelli, A Oberlack, M Peinke, J, SPRINGER INT PUBLISHING AG , 2014, p. 173-176Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The azimuthal velocity distribution in a turbulent boundary layer (TBL) on a rotating disk is explored using hot-wire anemometry and compared with those of the two-dimensional TBL over a flat plate.

  • 23.
    Imayama, Shintaro
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Lingwood, Rebecca J.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. University of Cambridge, UK .
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    The turbulent rotating-disk boundary layer2014In: European journal of mechanics. B, Fluids, ISSN 0997-7546, E-ISSN 1873-7390, Vol. 48, p. 245-253Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The turbulent boundary layer on a rotating disk is studied with the aim of giving a statistical description of the azimuthal velocity field and to compare it with the streamwise velocity of a turbulent two-dimensional flat-plate boundary layer. Determining the friction velocity accurately is particularly challenging and here this is done through direct measurement of the velocity distribution close to the rotating disk in the very thin viscous sublayer using hot-wire anemometry. Compared with other flow cases, the rotating-disk flow has the advantage that the highest relative velocity with respect to a stationary hot wire is at the wall itself, thereby limiting the effect of heat conduction to the wall from the hot-wire probe. Experimental results of mean, rms, skewness and flatness as well as spectral information are provided. Comparison with the two-dimensional boundary layer shows that turbulence statistics are similar in the inner region, although the rms-level is lower and the maximum spectral content is found at smaller wavelengths for the rotating case. These features both indicate that the outer flow structures are less influential in the inner region for the rotating case.

  • 24.
    Kato, Kentaro
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.
    Alfredsson, Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.
    Instability on Rotating Sharp Cones—Revisited2021In: Progress in Turbulence IX: Proceedings of the iTi Conference in Turbulence 2021, Springer Nature , 2021, Vol. 267, p. 259-265Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We analyse the azimuthal velocity fluctuation in the boundary layer driven by a rotating slender cone with a half-cone apex angle of 30 ∘. The flow is dominated by a centrifugal instability, which develops into randomly occurring spiralling vortices travelling on the cone surface. Such non-stationary vortices are observed as an irregular wave packet-like fluctuation signal by a hot wire fixed in the lab frame of reference and the spectral map at different radial positions forms a smooth ridge, which is in contrast to the periodic time signal due to stationary crossflow vortices on broad cones, which gives rise to sharp spectral ridges. The present analysis decomposes the wave packet-like fluctuation using a short-time Fourier transform (STFT), revealing that the smooth spectral peak at a given radial position consists of waves with different frequencies. The most probable fundamental frequency follows the most unstable frequency according to linear stability theory. Also, we evaluate the amplitude of the harmonics of the most energetic mode around transition; quadratic nonlinear growth is observed until the amplitude of the fundamental mode saturates at transition. This behaviour is similar to that on broad cones although the primary instability and vortex structures are different.

  • 25.
    Kato, Kentaro
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
    Boundary-layer transition over a rotating broad cone2019In: Physical Review Fluids, E-ISSN 2469-990X, Vol. 4, no 7, article id 071902Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The route to turbulence in the boundary layer on a rotating broad cone is investigated using hot-wire anemometry measuring the azimuthal velocity. The stationary fundamental mode is triggered by 24 deterministic small roughness elements distributed evenly at a specific distance from the cone apex. The stationary vortices, having a wave number of 24, correspond to the fundamental mode and these are initially the dominant disturbance-energy carrying structures. This mode is found to saturate and is followed by rapid growth of the nonstationary primary mode as well as the stationary and nonstationary first harmonics, leading to transition to turbulence. The amplitudes of these are plotted in a way to highlight the continued growth after saturation of the fundamental stationary mode.

  • 26.
    Kato, Kentaro
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Kawata, T.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Investigation of the structures in the unstable rotating-cone boundary layer2019In: Physical Review Fluids, E-ISSN 2469-990X, Vol. 4, no 5, article id 053903Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This work reports on the unstable region and the transition process of the boundary-layer flow induced by a rotating cone with a half apex angle of 60 degrees using the probability density function (PDF) contour map of the azimuthal velocity fluctuation, which was first used by Imayama et al. [Phys. Fluids 24, 031701 (2012)] for the similar boundary-layer flow induced by a rotating disk. The PDF shows that the transition behavior of the rotating-cone flow is similar to that on the rotating disk. The effects of roughness elements on the cone surface have been examined. For the cone with roughnesses, we reconstructed the most probable vortex structure within the boundary layer from the hot-wire anemometry time signals. The results show that the PDF clearly describes the overturning process of the high-momentum upwelling of the spiral vortices, which due to vortex meandering cannot be detected in the phase-averaged velocity field reconstructed from the point measurements. At a late stage of the overturning process, our hot-wire measurements captured high-frequency oscillations, which may be related to secondary instability.

  • 27.
    Kato, Kentaro
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Segalini, Antonio
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. Brunel Univ London, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, London UB8 3PH, England..
    Instabilities and Transition on a Rotating Cone-Old Problems and New Challenges2022In: Laminar-Turbulent Transition / [ed] Sherwin, S Schmid, P Wu, X, Springer Nature , 2022, Vol. 38, p. 203-213Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    An experimental investigation of instabilities and transition in the boundary layer on a rotating broad (120 degrees apex angle) cone through hot-wire measurements combined with local linear stability analysis (LLSA) has been undertaken. The rotating-cone flow is susceptible to both cross-flow and centrifugal instabilities. For broad cones, the cross-flow instability dominates over the centrifugal instability, and vice versa for slender cones. Although stationary vortical disturbances from the cross-flow instability are dominant on the broad cone (in this case 24-26 vortices develop), we have identified an initially slowly growing nonstationary mode with a much smaller wavenumber, which close to transition increases its growth rate dramatically. We report on a detailed process to identify the wavenumber of the measured nonstationary disturbance, as well as quantitative comparisons between experimental results and LLSA.

  • 28.
    Kato, Kentaro
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Segalini, Antonio
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Centres, Competence Center for Gas Exchange (CCGEx). KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.
    Alfredsson, P. Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Instability and transition in the boundary layer driven by a rotating slender cone2021In: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, ISSN 0022-1120, E-ISSN 1469-7645, Vol. 915, article id R4Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Instability and transition in the boundary layer on a slender cone (600 apex angle) rotating in still fluid are investigated using hot-wire anemometry as well as through linear stability analysis. In contrast to broad cones (including the disk), where a cross-flow instability dominates the transition and different studies report similar transition Reynolds numbers, the reported transition Reynolds numbers on slender cones are scattered. The present experiments provide quantitative experimental datasets and the stability and transition are evaluated based on both the Reynolds number and a Girder number. The results consistently show that the instability development depends on the Gortler number rather than the Reynolds number and that transition starts at a well-defined Gortler number, whereas the transition Reynolds number depends on the rotational rate. The measured disturbance that first grows in the laminar region has a frequency approximately the same as or twice the rotational rate of the cone, which according to the stability analysis corresponds to the critical frequency of a slightly inclined vortex structure with respect to the cone axis or an axisymmetric vortex structure. These structures are similar to those observed in the flow visualisations of Kobayashi & Izumi (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 127, 1983, pp. 353-364) and considered as being due to a centrifugal instability.

  • 29.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. Univ Cambridge, Cambridge, England.
    Alfredsson, Henrik
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
    Instabilities of the von Karman Boundary Layer2015In: Applied Mechanics Review, ISSN 0003-6900, E-ISSN 1088-8535, Vol. 67, no 3, article id 030803Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Research on the von Karman boundary layer extends back almost 100 years but remains a topic of active study, which continues to reveal new results; it is only now that fully non-linear direct numerical simulations (DNS) have been conducted of the flow to compare with theoretical and experimental results. The von Karman boundary layer, or rotating-disk boundary layer, provides, in some senses, a simple three-dimensional boundary-layer model with which to compare other more complex flow configurations but we will show that in fact the rotating-disk boundary layer itself exhibits a wealth of complex instability behaviors that are not yet fully understood.

  • 30.
    Lingwood, Rebecca
    et al.
    KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mechanics.
    Garrett, S. J.
    The effects of surface mass flux on the instability of the BEK system of rotating boundary-layer flows2011In: European journal of mechanics. B, Fluids, ISSN 0997-7546, E-ISSN 1873-7390, Vol. 30, no 3, p. 299-310Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We consider the effect of mass flux through the lower boundary of the general class of rotating BEK boundary-layer flows. This class includes the Bodewadt, Ekman and von Karman flows as particular cases. A theoretical study is presented which considers the onset of convective instability modes (both stationary and travelling relative to the rotating system) and local absolute instability. Suction is found to be universally stabilising in terms of both the delayed onset and reduced amplification rates of both instability types. Furthermore, the radial span of convective instability preceding the onset of local absolute instability is extended with increased suction. Slowly travelling modes are predicted to be more dangerous than stationary modes within the convectively unstable region of each flow. Such modes are expected to be selected over highly polished lower disks. Extensive theoretical data is presented for future comparison to experiment.

1 - 30 of 30
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