Modeling of surface tension is described for liquid metals & alloys and molten ionic materials including molten slag in this chapter.

Secondary aluminum dross is generated from the aluminum remelting process and is considered as hazardous waste due to the presence of soluble salts and various active compounds. This chapter presents eco-friendly and economical processes for the treatment of secondary aluminum dross. In water leaching process, the greenhouse gas CO2 was introduced to inhibit the hydrolysis of AlN and reduce emissions of the pollutant gas NH3. The chlorides (NaCl, KCl) were successfully removed, and the solid residue was utilized for Sialon material preparation. In an alternative leaching process, the temperature of leachate was raised to maximize AlN hydrolysis and minimize NH3 solubility. The evolved ammonia was captured by CO2-saturated water. The residue after leaching was treated with molten NaOH at high temperature to extract alumina.

Treatise on Process Metallurgy: Volume Two, Process Phenomena provides academics with the fundamentals of the manufacturing of metallic materials, from raw materials into finished parts or products. In these fully updated volumes, coverage is expanded into four volumes, including Process Fundamentals, encompassing process fundamentals, structure and properties of matter; thermodynamic aspects of process metallurgy, and rate phenomena in process metallurgy; Processing Phenomena, encompassing interfacial phenomena in high temperature metallurgy, metallurgical process phenomena, and metallurgical process technology; Metallurgical Processes, encompassing mineral processing, aqueous processing, electrochemical material and energy processes, and iron and steel technology, non-ferrous process principles and production technologies, and more. The work distills the combined academic experience from the principal editor and the multidisciplinary four-member editorial board.

Treatise on Process Metallurgy, Volume 2B: Unit Processes, presents various unit processes with an emphasis on mineral processing, hydrometallurgy, and electrochemical materials and energy processes. The book highlights the roles of these processes in beneficiation, rare-earth extraction, utilization of lean resources, coal extraction, and biofuels, reflecting the shift toward green and electrochemical processes. Basic knowledge of thermodynamics and kinetics is provided for better understanding of metallurgical processes. The first section of the book covers mineral processing, providing insight on comminution, separation processes, dewatering, and tailings disposal. The second section focuses on hydrometallurgy, discussing leaching, separation-purification, metal recovery, and battery materials, and the book concludes with a section studying electrochemical material and energy, featuring coverage of molten oxide electrolysis, molten carbonate fuel cells, various sensors, and ionic liquids. Each section also includes various case studies, demonstrating the use of the concepts in real-world settings.

Treatise on Process Metallurgy: Volume 5: Energy, Environment, and Future Aspects of Process Metallurgy, Second Edition is divided into two parts, with the first covering sustainable development as it pertains to process metallurgy, addressing issues arising from sustained economic growth, long-term mineral and metal supply, and energy requirements in metallurgical industries. It also examines energy resources, including fossil and renewable sources, and discusses the resource efficiency of the circular economy through simulation-based analyses. The second part delves into the future of metals production globally, with a focus on raw material and energy availability. It presents current CO2 emissions and future projections, with emphasis on reducing CO2 generation in steelmaking technologies. Additional topics discussed include flash smelting, FINEX process outlook, the rotary hearth furnace, and an extensive coverage of hydrogen steelmaking.