Bioelectronics is a rapidly evolving interdisciplinary field that integrates principles of electrical engineering, materials science, and biology to develop electronic interfaces capable of recording and stimulating biological activity of the human body. The conducting polymer poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has emerged as a key bioelectronic material due to its unique properties, processing versatility, and biocompatibility. This work provides an overview of PEDOT:PSS-based bioelectronic interfaces and their growing potential in clinical applications. The historical development of PEDOT:PSS is first traced, highlighting its rise as one of the most successful materials in organic bioelectronics. The fundamental properties that make PEDOT:PSS particularly well-suited for bioelectronic interfaces are then examined, with a focus on how these properties can be precisely tuned through advanced processing and fabrication techniques. Both well-established micropatterned interfaces and the latest advancements in multidimensional hydrogel-based structures are discussed. Finally, cutting-edge clinical applications of bioelectronic systems that incorporate PEDOT:PSS are discussed, underscoring their potential in next-generation medical technologies. Overall, this work presents a balanced and forward-looking perspective that connects the evolution of PEDOT:PSS to its emerging role in clinically translatable bioelectronic systems.

In vitro models have now become a realistic alternative to animal models for cardiotoxicity assessment. However, the cost and expertise required to implement in vitro electrophysiology systems to study cardiac cells pose a strong obstacle to their widespread use. This study presents a cost-effective approach forin vitro cardiac electrophysiology using fully printed graphene-based microelectrode arrays (pGMEAs) coupled to an open-source signal acquisition system. We characterized the pGMEAs' electrical properties and biocompatibility, observing low impedance values and cell viability. We demonstrated the platform's capability to record spontaneous electrophysiological activity from HL-1 cell cultures, and we monitored and quantified their responses to chemical stimulation with noradrenaline. This study demonstrates the feasibility of producing fully printed graphene-based devices for in vitro electrophysiology. The accessible and versatile platform we present here represents a step further in the development of alternative methods for cardiac safety screening.

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are key bioelectronic devices with applications in neuromorphics, sensing, and flexible electronics. OECTs made using biobased and biodegradable materials are emerging as a sustainable alternative to nondegradable plastic and metal-based electronics. Printing is the key technique used to fabricate these types of devices, enabling fabrication at room temperature and using benign solvents, such as water. However, printing techniques suffer from relatively low resolution (tens to hundreds of micrometers), far below the micrometer resolution achieved via conventional metal deposition and photolithography. Here, we present a high-throughput additive-subtractive microfabrication strategy for carbon-based flexible OECTs using biodegradable materials and room-temperature processing. Additive manufacturing of large features is achieved via extrusion printing of a graphene ink to fabricate electrode contacts on cellulose acetate (CA), which serves both as the substrate and as the insulation layer. Combined with femtosecond (fs) laser ablation, this approach enables micrometer-resolution patterning of freestanding OECTs with channel openings down to 1 μm and sheet resistance below 10 Ω/sq. By tuning laser parameters, we demonstrate both selective and simultaneous ablation strategies, enabling the fabrication of horizontal, vertical, and planar-gated OECTs, as well as complementary NOT gate inverters. Thermal degradation studies in air show that over 80% of the device mass decomposes below 360 °C, providing a low-energy route for device disposal and addressing the environmental impact of electronic waste. This approach offers a lithography-free pathway toward the rapid prototyping of high-resolution, sustainable organic electronics, combining circularity, process simplicity, and architectural versatility for next-generation bioelectronic applications.