Hydrogel-based localised drug delivery minimises systemic side effects and a linear release profile ensuring a sustained drug release over time, crucial for long-term therapy. The current paper describes the use of the Copper(I)-catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAc) to append azidified Dexamethasone (Dex) onto dendrons of first- and second-generation PEGs. Crosslinking with thiolated PEGs using either thiol-acrylate or nucleophilic addition reactions yielded gels containing β-thio-ether ester groups that imparted enhanced hydrolytic susceptibility. In vitro gel degradation was followed gravimetrically and expressed as swelling ratios. Thiol-acrylate crosslinked hydrogels exhibited zero-order Dex release kinetics over 11, 27, and 16 days (G1, G1-star, and G2). Crosslinking the G1-gels by nucleophilic addition also resulted in linear release and the end point was reached in 5 days. Hydrolysis was accounted as the main release mechanism for covalently bound Dex, while physically incorporated Dex showed undefined rapid burst or first-order release, with most of the drug released in the initial 1–3 days. Eluates from covalently bound Dex maintained high activity, whereas Trap-Dex gels lost activity over time, as detected by the upregulation of luciferase expression from a transformed cell line. This novel chemistry combination offers precise drug release control applicable beyond Dex to drugs with suitable nucleophilic groups.

This study highlights the beneficial role of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as components in functional membranes. The approaches of the use of CNF and CNC as membrane materials Ibr water purification have been studied extensively during the past decades. This is due to their inherent abundance, renewability, sustainability and unique properties such as high aspect ratio, high surface area, high crystallinity, and high mechanical properties. The performance of CNF- and CNC-based membranes especially in treating actual water samples were also highlighted in this review to give a better overview of the behavior of these nanocellulose as membrane materials. The challenges of using CNFs and CNCs and the needfor improvements for the future development of membrane materials are also discussed.

For the stabilization of complex bone fractures, tissue adhesives are an attractive alternative to conventional implants, often consisting of metal plates and screws whose fixation may impose additional trauma on the already fractured bone. This study reports on the synthesis and evaluation of activated dopamine derivatives as primers for fiber-reinforced-adhesive patches in bone-fracture stabilization strategies. The performance of synthesized dopamine derivatives are evaluated with regard to the adhesive shear strength of formed bone patches, as well as cell viability and surface properties. Dopamine-derived primers with methacrylamide, allyl, and thiol functional groups were found to significantly increase the adhesive shear strength of adhesive patches. Furthermore, deprotonation of the primer solution was determined to be essential in order to achieve good adhesion. In conclusion, the primer solutions that were found to give the best adhesion were the once where dopa-thiol was used in combination with either dopamethacrylamide or dopa-allyl, resulting in shear bond strengths of 0.29 MPa.

Since extraction of the naturally occurring mussel-foot proteins is expensive and time-consuming, routes towards synthetic analogues are continuously being explored. Often, these methods involve several protection and deprotection steps, making the synthesis of synthetic analogues time-consuming and expensive as well. Herein, we show that UV-initiated thiol-ene coupling between a thiol-functional dopamine derivative and an allyl-functional aliphatic polycarbonate can be used as a fast and facile route to dopa-functional materials. Different thiol-to-allyl ratios and irradiation protocols were used and it was found that nearly 50% of the allyl groups could be functionalized with dopa within short reaction times, without the need of protecting the catechol. It is also demonstrated herein that the dopa-functional polymers can be used to form self-healing gels through complexation with Fe3+ ions at increased pH.

By combining ATRP, dendrimer chemistry and 'click' reactions, a library of novel linear dendritic block copolymers (hybrids) was successfully synthesized. The isolated polymers displayed hydrophilic alkyne groups and T-g's ranging from 14 degrees C to 67 degrees C. A T-g threshold of 39 degrees C was found necessary for straightforward porous membrane fabrication via the breath figure method. Exploiting the copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction, a robust and benign protocol was identified enabling surface functionalization under aqueous conditions. Such manipulations included the introduction of fluorescent rhodamine for thorough assessment by confocal fluorescence microscopy as well as polyethylene glycol chains or perfluorinated groups for tuning the membrane wettability. Finally, with the initial indication of being nontoxic to human dermal fibroblasts (hDF) and osteoblast-like MG63, the porous membranes can potentially find use in the field of controlled cell culture such as patterning of cell growth.

Itaconic acid is a platform compound for bio-based renewable materials. This study employs itaconic anhydride (IAn) as a novel monomer for lipase-catalyzed ring-opening addition condensation polymerization (ROACP) involving dehydration to produce reactive polyesters. ROACP reactions were conducted by combining a cyclic anhydride and a diol. IAn, succinic anhydride (SAn) and glutaric anhydride (GAn) were used as the cyclic anhydrides, and 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,8-octanediol and 1,10-decanediol were used as the diols. ROACP between two monomers, IAn and a diol, did not occur. Model reactions using IAn and n-octyl alcohol provided useful information about the regioselectivity and substrate selectivity of IAn. ROACP using three monomer components, IAn, SAn or GAn, and a diol, produced polyesters in good-to-high yields. From the SAn reactions, polyesters with M-n values of 650-3510 with 1.3-2.6 IAn units per molecule were obtained. From the GAn reactions, these values were 560-3690 and 1.2-3.1, respectively. The crosslinking reaction of a product polyester showed its reactive nature, giving a crosslinked hard solid polyester. The present polyesters derived from renewable starting materials have potential applications as macromonomers, telechelics, or crosslinking reagents, and the benign character of the ROACP reaction makes it appropriate for green polymer chemistry.

In this work, photo-induced thiol-ene coupling (TEC) was used to produce well-defined poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrogels. PEGs of four different molecular weights (2k, 6k, 10k, and 20k) were functionalized with G1-allyl dendrons using anhydride chemistry to produce tetra-functional TEC crosslinkable PEGs. The tetra-functional PEGs were subsequently crosslinked with a tri-functional thiol in ethanol to form hydrogels. The synthesized hydrogels were characterized with respect to swelling behaviour, rheological properties and hydrolytic degradation. It was found that the molecular weight of the PEG chain greatly influences the final properties of the hydrogel, where a higher molecular weight of PEG gives an increased weight swelling ratio from 240% for PEG-2k hydrogels to 1400% for PEG-20k hydrogels, as well as decreased elastic moduli, with Young's moduli ranging from 106 MPa to 6 MPa, for PEG-2k and PEG-20k hydrogels, respectively. It was also found that the hydrolytic stability in alkaline conditions (pH 10) decreased when the molecular weight of PEG in the hydrogels increased.

The development of a facile method for the fabrication of breath figure (BF) films from hydrophobic polymers is gaining significant importance for their accessibility as templates in fields ranging from electronics and cell culturing to sensing and catalysis. By introducing polyester-based dendritic linkers, a library of micrometre sized honeycomb structures was successfully fabricated from amphiphilic linear-dendritic-linear hybrids comprising hydrophobic PCL or PLA and hydrophilic PEG blocks. From the array of produced films, the incorporation of a third generation dendritic linker was found to generate well-ordered honeycomb films in the several hundreds of micrometre range. This one component approach minimizes the number of unknown parameters and represents a fully reliable methodology for the fabrication of functional BFs from challenging and biocompatible polymers.

Drugs are low molecular weight substances which cannot cause an immune response on their own. However, they can act as haptens and form covalent adducts with proteins. The resulting hapten-carrier (drug-protein) conjugate can induce an allergic reaction. Synthetic hapten-carrier conjugates structurally comparable to those naturally formed in vivo, which in addition can be prepared in a control and reproducible manner, are often needed to diagnose drug allergy. The contribution of this chapter takes account of the structural precision and tunable properties of dendrimers for applications in the diagnosis of drug allergy. Dendrimers are often referred to as synthetic compounds able to mimic proteins in their interaction with the immune system. This success suggests dendrimers can be used for in vitro diagnosis of allergy, thus avoiding the use of invasive in vivo tests, which are usually considered as the standard in the diagnosis of hypersensitivity reactions. Different methodologies have been developed to prepare chemically controlled and reproducible dendronized and dendrimerized cellulose surfaces. These penicilloylated Dendrimeric Antigens interact with specific IgE antibodies meeting all the requirements in biosensor to detect penicillin allergy. Clinical evaluation of these materials shows that the use of a flexible spacer improves the IgE molecular recognition.