The characteristics of the noise radiated from a reduced automotive cooling module are numerically studied focusing on the interaction effects linked to the sound generation mechanisms and the acoustic scattering caused by the confined installation. The flow field is simulated by adopting the formulation of Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (IDDES), which is a numerical technique that enables large-scale structures to be resolved and the wall-bounded flow to be treated depending on the turbulent content within the boundary layer. By comparing the simulated fan performance to two sets of measurement data of a similar setup, the aerodynamic results obtained from IDDES are validated and conformed to the volumetric flow rate delivered for the pressure drop measured. The acoustic part of the study comprises evaluation of the sound source associated with the momentum distribution imposed on the surroundings at an interface slightly upstream of the fan. At the microphone positions upstream of the installation, the SPL falls within the SPL range measured and the acoustic power delivered by the fan conforms to the SWL obtained from the comparison method in the reverberation room. The system response function, estimated by subtracting the SWL for the free-field simulation from the SWL associated with the reduced automotive cooling module marks spectral humps at fixed frequencies, irrespectively of sound source. As such, the engineering approach to the spectral decomposition method earlier published, which enables the acoustical properties of the installation to be isolated from the source, is validated and found to hold.

Studies dedicated to the determination of acoustic characteristics of an automotive cooling package are presented. A shrouded subsonic axial fan is mounted in a wall separating an anechoic- and a reverberation room. This enables a unique separation of the up- and downstream sound fields. Microphone measurements were acquired of the radiated sound as a function of rotational speed, fan type and components included in the cooling module. The aim of the present work is to investigate the effect of a closely mounted radiator upstream of the impeller on the SPL spectral distribution. Upon examination of the SPL spectral shape, features linked specifically to the source and system are revealed. The properties of a reverberant sound field combined with the method of spectral decomposition permit an estimation of the source spectral distribution and the acoustic transfer response, respectively. Additionally, purely intrinsic acoustic properties of the radiator are scrutinized by standardized ISO methods. A new methodology comprising a dipole sound source is adopted to circumvent limitation of transmission loss measurement in the low frequency range. The sound attenuation caused by the radiator alone was found to be negligible.

In this paper, the acoustic properties of a hybrid liner placed at the end of an impedance tube are investigated using numerical simulations. The hybrid liner constitutes of three components, a perforated plate, a porous layer and a rectangular back cavity. The presence of the porous layer is to enhance the absorptive performance of a liner. The main objective of the paper is to verify the proposed numerical methodology - a unified linearized Navier-Stokes Equations (LNSE) approach. In the unified LNSE approach, the combination of the Helmholtz Equation, LNSE as well as the equivalent fluid model are solved in different regions of the impedance tube. To achieve this, the continuity of the coupling condition between the LNSE and the Helmholtz equation is examined. Another objective is to analyze the effectiveness of the porous material to the acoustic performance of the liner. Acoustic liner simulations with and without porous material, porous material with different flow resistivity are carried out. A good agreement is found between the numerical results and the measurements previously performed at KTH MWL.1 Compared to previous work234, several improvements have been made in the numerical methodology, such as that the energy equation has been added in order to include the damping due to viscous dissipation as well as the thermal dissipation in the vicinity of the perforated plate.

In this paper, aerodynamic and aero-acoustic simulations are performed for a small horizontal axis wind turbine, suitable for the integration of wind energy in urban and peri-urban areas. Detached-eddy simulation (DES) of compressible flow is performed to compute the flow field over the wind turbine. The far-field noise is computed using the Ffowcs - Williams and Hawkings acoustic analogy. Furthermore, the blade element momentum theory is used with a semi-empirical acoustic modeling approach to predict the wind turbine noise. The acoustic modeling approach is based on a semi-empirical formulation for airfoil self noise and an analytic formulation for inflow noise.

Slipstream is the flow that a train pulls along due to the viscosity of the fluid. In real life applications, the effect of the slipstream flow is a safety concern for people on platform, tracksideworkers and objects on platforms such as baggage carts and pushchairs. The most important region for slipstream of high-speed passanger trains is the near wake, in which the flow is fully turbulent with a broad range of length and time scales. In this work, the flow around the Aerodynamic Train Model (ATM) is simulated using Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) to model the turbulence. Different grids are used in order to prove grid converged results. In order to compare with the results of experimental work performed at DLR on the ATM, where a trip wire was attached to the model, it turned out to be necessary to model this wire to have comparable results. An attempt to model the effect of the trip wire via volume forces improved the results but we were not successful at reproducing the full velocity profiles. The flow is analyzed by computing the POD and Koopman modes. The structures in the floware found to be associated with two counter rotating vortices. A strong connection between pairs of modes is found, which is related to the propagation of flow structures for the POD modes. Koopman modes and POD modes are similar in the spatial structure and similarities in frequencies of the time evolution of the structures are also found.

A zone of increasingly stretched grid is a robust and easy-to-use way to avoid unwanted reflections at artificial boundaries in wave propagating simulations. In such a buffer zone there are two main damping mechanisms, dissipation and under-resolution that turns a traveling wave into an evanescent wave. We present analysis in one and two space dimensions showing that evanescent decay through under-resolution is a very efficient way to damp waves. The analysis is supported by numerical computations.

In this paper we assess the order of model complexity needed to capture a vehicle behaviour during a transient crosswind event, regarding the interaction of the aerodynamic loads and the vehicle dynamic response. The necessity to perform a full dynamic coupling, including feedback in real-time, instead of a static coupling to capture the vehicle performance both with respect to aerodynamics and the vehicle dynamics is evaluated. The computations are performed for a simplified bus model that is exposed to a transient crosswind. The aerodynamic loads are obtained using Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) with the overset mesh technique coupled to a single-track model for the vehicle dynamics including a driver model with three sets of controller parameters to obtain a realistic scenario. Two degrees of freedom are handled by the vehicle dynamics model; lateral translation and yaw motion. The results show that the full dynamic coupling is needed for large yaw angles of the vehicle, where the static coupling over-predicts the aerodynamic loads and in turn the vehicle motion.

A novel method is proposed to identify flow structures responsible for sound generation in confined flow past an inhibitor. Velocity fields obtained using Large Eddy Simulations (LES) are post-processed to compute the Finite Time Lyapunov Exponent (FTLE) field, the ridges of which in backward time represent an approximation to Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCS), the structures that organize transport in the flow field. The flow-field is first decomposed using dynamic mode decomposition (DMD), and the organizing centers or vortices at the significant DMD frequencies are extracted. The results are then compared with the lambda(2) criterion. Features such as shear layer roll-up and development of secondary instabilities are more clearly visible in the FTLE field than with the lambda(2) criterion.

In this paper, results from a numerical solver for the Helmholtz equation using the Finite Element Method (FEM) for predicting thermoacoustic instabilities are presented. The one-dimensional n-τ flame model, which is governed by an interaction index n and a time-delay τ as well as a Flame transfer function (FTF) is used for flame source term. We show results for the validation of the numerical solver for the Rijke tube benchmark case with the variation of n and τ in the one-dimensional n-τ model. Thereafter, thermoacoustic instabilities for a V-flame are predicted, for a typical configuration of a dump combustor - a tube with an area expansion. This is a more realistic test case, since a bluff-body flame holder is often used in combustors, where a V-flame will be generated and anchored to the rod. Usually, the V-flame is more susceptible to thermoacoustic instabilities. In the paper, the eigenfrequencies, as well as the acoustic pressure perturbations are presented as numerical results.

Methods to design test-procedures for acoustic multi-ports in ducts with a focus on pressure sampling positions for accurate modal decomposition are demonstrated. Acoustic fields up- and downstream of an in-duct acoustic element are excited by external sources and decomposed into transmitted and reflected aeroacoustic modal pres- sure amplitudes in order to first determine the acoustic scattering of the element. Secondly, the determination of the element source strength requires tests with no external sources, but with known terminations and scattering data. Unfavourable source and sensor positions lead to mode coupling and to ill-conditioned or even singular decomposition matrices, which results in high amplifications of uncertainties within the wave decomposition. An unoptimised but over-determined assembly is compared with a setup containing a minimum of sensors but with optimised positions. Lower uncertainty amplification, despite the usage of fewer sensors, is achieved for most frequencies, especially after the cut-on of t he higher order acoustic modes. A genetic algorithm (GA) is used to achieve this optimised setup by minimising the condition number of the decomposition matrix, which is a multi-dimensional optimisation problem with numerous local minima. To estimate the stability of the optimised configuration, a Monte-Carlo Method (MCM) is deployed to introduce normal distributed complex pressure un- certainties into the decomposition. In order to estimate the wave number, different approaches are compared - namely the classical non-dissipative wav e number estimate, an extended Kirchhoff method for viscous-thermal damping and an eigenvalue solution of the Linearised Navier Stokes Equations by Dokumaci. The presented de- composition method is not only applicable to measurement data but is equally useful to post-process results from numerical computation.