This study compares image quality on the peripheral retina for far and near vision in schoolchildren. Biometric data and simultaneous foveal and peripheral (±25^◦ horizontal field) wavefront data for two levels of accommodation (0.22 D and 5 D) were collected from 31 children aged 6 to 11 years. Relative peripheral refraction (RPR) was found to be larger and more negative in the nasal visual field than in the temporal. This difference increased with accommodation. Furthermore, correlations between image quality and biometric parameters were investigated. The results highlight the importance of peripheral image quality during near work for myopia research. The data presented also form the baseline measurements of the Stockholm Myopia Study, which is a longitudinal pilot study on ocular growth and peripheral image quality in schoolchildren in Stockholm, Sweden.

Hartmann–Shack wavefront sensors (HSWSs) are used in many disciplines to measure optical aberrations. Conventionally, the wavefront of interest is transferred onto the lenslet array of the HSWS with a telescopic 4f relay system. However, the 4f relay design restricts the choice of focal lengths and distances used for the relay system. In this paper, we describe a non-4f variant and demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally that its wavefront relaying properties equal that of a 4f system. We also present an alignment method for conjugating the wavefront with the lenslet array of the HSWS for both 4f and non-4f systems.

The difference in peripheral retinal image quality between myopic and emmetropic eyes plays a major role in the design of the optical myopia interventions. Knowing this difference under accommodation can help to understand the limitations of the currently available optical solutions for myopia control. A newly developed dual-angle open-field sensor was used to assess the simultaneous foveal and peripheral (20 degrees nasal visual field) wavefront aberrations for five target vergences from -0.31 D to -4.0 D in six myopic and five emmetropic participants. With accommodation, the myopic eyes showed myopic shifts, and the emmetropic eyes showed no change in RPR. Furthermore, RPR calculated from simultaneous measurements showed lower infra-subject variability compared to the RPR calculated from peripheral measurements and target vergence. Other aberrations, as well as modulation transfer functions for natural pupils, were similar between the groups and the accommodation levels, foveally and peripherally. Results from viewing the same nearby target with and without spectacles by myopic participants suggest that the accommodative response is not the leading factor controlling the amplitude of accommodation microfluctuations.

Purpose: Many myopia control interventions are designed to induce myopic relative peripheral refraction. However, myopes tend to show asymmetries in their sensitivity to defocus, seeing better with hypermetropic rather than myopic defocus. This study aims to determine the influence of chromatic aberrations (CA) and higher-order monochromatic aberrations (HOA) in the peripheral asymmetry to defocus. Methods: Peripheral (20° nasal visual field) low-contrast (10%) resolution acuity of nine subjects (four myopes, four emmetropes, one hypermetrope) was evaluated under induced myopic and hypermetropic defocus between ±5 D, under four conditions: (a) Peripheral Best Sphere and Cylinder (BSC) correction in white light; (b) Peripheral BSC correction + CA elimination (green light); (c) Peripheral BSC correction + HOA correction in white light; and (d) Peripheral BSC correction + CA elimination + HOA correction. No cycloplegia was used, and all measurements were repeated three times. Results: The slopes of the peripheral acuity as a function of positive and negative defocus differed, especially when the natural HOA and CA were present. This asymmetry was quantified as the average of the absolute sum of positive and negative defocus slopes for all subjects (AVS). The AVS was 0.081 and 0.063 logMAR/D for white and green light respectively, when the ocular HOA were present. With adaptive optics correction for HOA, the asymmetry reduced to 0.021 logMAR/D for white and 0.031 logMAR/D for green light, mainly because the sensitivity to hypermetropic defocus increased when HOA were corrected. Conclusion: The asymmetry was only slightly affected by the elimination of the CA of the eye, whereas adaptive optics correction for HOA reduced the asymmetry. The HOA mainly affected the sensitivity to hypermetropic defocus.