Planning practices that are crucial for ensuring the sustainability of countries evolve into approaches that significantly benefit from digital data, especially geodatasets, with the advancement of information and communication technologies (ICT). In addition, the complexity of the built environment brings about the transformation of land administration practices in a way to manage three‐dimensional (3D) modeling of cadastral rights, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRR) for both above and below the land surface. Given the land development phenomenon in relation to this, there is a growing interest in utilizing the 3D models within spatial planning to improve the efficiency and transparency of the planning processes. In this sense, this paper presents a methodology on how the 3D interoperable geodatasets that depict the land use plans can be created through defined conceptual models. The results show that the conceptual models can be formed based on the regulated land use specifications of different countries to create corresponding CityJSON extensions, and hence, 3D interoperable geodatasets representing the land use plans can be generated by validating them against these extensions. The visualization of these datasets is also presented by means of a Cesium‐based prototype. By demonstrating the methodology within two countries, namely Sweden and Türkiye, this study contributes to the digital exchange of 3D standardized land use plans for digital transformation initiatives, as well as further applications such as digital building permits.

Spatial Planning, Land Use Planning, Land Management Instruments, Urban Land Management, Urban Planning, Cadastral Development, Sustainable Mobility Transition, Public Value Capture, Geoinformatics

This new volume of European Academy of Land Use and Development (EALD) contains broad view and interdisciplinary peer reviewed articles that inform the reader of most recent scientific investigations in Land Management. The spectrum of contributions cover: regulations, governance and implementation of land management along with assessment of relevant data.

Some of the key highlights include various scientific and practical approaches, applied methods and systems together with a discussion and understanding of the government’s role in various European countries.

Committed to sustainability, the articles entailed give evidence to Europe as an experimental ground for land management issues as well as allows for collaboration in pursuit of best practices.

This paper describes the use of 3D real property formation at a major construction site inStockholm, Sweden, project Slussen.Real property formation with complex 3D volumes and numerous real properties andassociated rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRRs) has to be shown with the realproperties and RRRs in relation to each other. The present legal solutions and documentationthereof are based on analogue documentation (digitalised to pdf) and cannot be attached ase.g. dwg files. Architects and other professionals do not normally have access to the 3D realproperty boundaries in their 3D building models from the beginning of a project and the exactlocations of boundaries are agreed upon during the formation process to achieve as usablesolutions as possible.The aim of this paper is to describe the 3D property formation process when involvingcomplex solutions securing RRRs to solve legal and planning challenges on different levels ofdetail. The paper focuses on the cadastral real property formation procedures using 3Dproperty formation for constructions above and underground, as well as how they areregistered in the national real property register. The paper illustrates a complex 3D propertysolution and adds to the understanding of the challenges of registration and visualisation ofSwedish 3D real property in Stockholm, focusing on legal as well as technical experiences.This research is a document study based on an analysis of the property formation andplanning documentation and processes of a cadastral procedure conducted in the Slussenproject, as well as associated documentation from other agencies, and by interviewing keypersons involved in the project. The paper illustrates the need for a national cadastral indexmap in three dimensions to be used in the formal real property formation procedures, toachieve a comprehensible and correct representation and visualisation of 3D real propertiesand RRRs in Sweden.The results can be used as input in coming property formations of a similar kind, as well as acomponent for the development of a national three-dimensional cadastral index map.Furthermore, the results can be an input to capacity building for the future use of 3D modelsas part of the formal cadastral property formation procedure.

3D property formation has become an important solution to provide a more comprehensive and accurate representation of the property's physical characteristics than traditional 2D property formation. Despite the numerous benefits of the 3D property formation, there is a need for more detailed descriptions of 3D cadastral data delivery between the involved actors to ensure efficient and effective collaboration. In particular, the practical difficulties are when/what related 3D cadastral information and models should be exchanged and stored from/to whom. Therefore, to address these issues, we propose a lifecycle 3D property formation process with four phases by designing an IDM process, which is an international open BIM process standard. In the purpose of forming a Swedish lifecycle 3D property formation process, the IDM process has been applied through organizational, legal and technical aspects, including identifying actors and their roles and values, gathering 3D property formation requirements, defining the data exchange requirements and designing the process map. Moreover, a case study was used to specify the Swedish lifecycle 3D property formation process and information delivery between stakeholders in the IDM. The aim is to facilitate a standardized and unambiguous digital 3D property formation procedure on a national level in order to improve and enhance the digital Swedish Cadastral and Land Administration Systems, but the process is quite generic and could also be applied in other countries.

The boundary of real property is the fundamental element for securing rights attached to land. Countries, even with a long-standing cadastral tradition, often face the challenge of interpreting the course of a parcel boundary on the ground based on the available evidence, as data quality is very heterogeneous. Various cadastral principles and procedures have been developed for the determination of parcel boundaries in the field, which may also be associated with resolving boundary disputes. This article documents and compares the principles and procedures applied in the determination of property boundaries in selected civil law countries based on a novel conceptual model developed for that purpose. The notion of ‘boundary determination’ used in this article refers to demarcating and surveying land parcel boundaries during the initial cadastral survey and cadastral update procedures. The selected countries include Denmark and Sweden, which apply Nordic civil law; Slovenia and Turkey, which apply German civil law; and Spain, which applies Napoleonic civil law. The demarcation principles and processes applied in the different cadastral systems, the parties involved, and the evidence taken into consideration in these processes are described and compared. The main aim is to contribute to the documentation of the reasoning applied to the property boundary determination in the selected civil law countries.

Municipalities in Sweden use public land development to engage public and private actors in collaborative urban experimentation and innovation to create public value. This points to a wider scope of potential and current utility for public land development than previously theorised. The aim of this paper is to investigate municipalities’ use of public land development to enable and structure public value co-creation, and to provide suggestions for enhancing public value. Findings are based on a multiple case study of five flagship urban development projects located in different municipalities in Sweden. We illustrate how municipalities co-design public value propositions with different public and private actors, which aretranslated into criteria for choosing developers to allocate land to and project-specific requirements for housing development. When co-designing public value propositions and subsequent requirements, the main role of the municipality is to form arenas where relevant actors can collaboratively find creative solutions to emerging problems rooted in value conflicts. Findings align with previous research on public value co-creation in other contexts, demonstrating an appropriate application of the theory and potential for further theoretical development across research fields.

Cadastral boundaries are key components for ordering the ownership of real property by dividing it into territories. This study analyses the similarities and differences in marking cadastral boundaries in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. A case study was conducted by examining legislations, ordinances, guidelines, and other instructions. These are issued by both the respective national governments, and associated agencies responsible for real property formation and demarcation of boundaries, such as, the national cadastral authorities. We describe, analyse, and discuss the visual division between properties, boundary marks, natural features used as real property boundaries, the information on boundaries in national registers, prescriptive rights, and the localization of boundaries in each country. The outcome of the study shows that there are many similarities between the four countries, but also differences. As an example, the materials used for demarcation differ between each country. Furthermore, the party performing the cadastral procedures range from governmental officials to licenced private surveyors. Finally, differences were noted in whether a real property boundary following a river or stream when created will change position if the river or stream changes course over time.