CUBES is a X-ray detector payload which will be installed on the KTH 3U CubeSat mission, MIST. The detector comprises cerium-doped Gd3Al2Ga3O12 (GAGG) scintillators read out with silicon photomultipliers through a Citiroc Application-Specific Integrated Circuit. The detector operates in the energy range similar to 35-800 keV. The aim of the CUBES mission is to provide experience in the operation of these relatively new technologies in a high-inclination low earth orbit, thereby providing confidence for component selection in more complex satellite missions. The design of the CUBES detector is described, and results from performance characterisation tests carried out on a prototype of CUBES, called Proto-CUBES, are reported. Proto-CUBES was flown on a stratospheric balloon platform from Timmins, Canada, in August 2019. During the similar to 12 hour long flight, the performance of Proto-CUBES was studied in the near-space environment. As well as measuring the X-ray counts spectra at different atmospheric depths, a 511 keV line from positron annihilation was observed.

Drift velocity of electrons is an important parameter when signal formation is considered in detectors. In micro-pattern gas detectors such as the gas electron multiplier (GEM), the drift velocity is affected by non-uniform electric field configurations. In the context of x-ray polarimetric application of GEM, where the time projection chamber (TPC) configuration is used, the drift velocity plays an important role in forming time binned images. The accuracy of these images governs the information on polarization of incident photons. The work presented here proposes an experimental method to determine the drift velocity of electrons in such a gas detector. The gas under study is Ne/DME (50/50). The experimental setup comprising a single GEM is similar to the TPC polarimeter configuration. The effect of gas pressure and electric field on drift velocity is presented in the work. It is encouraging to find that the experimental values match well with the simulated values. We briefly discuss the effect of variation in the drift velocity on the performance parameters of the polarimeter. The implementation of this method in any future TPC polarimeter is also explored.

In recent years, a number of purpose-built scintillator-based polarimeters have studied bright astronomical sources for the first time in the hard X-ray band (tens to hundreds of keV). The addition of polarimetry can help data interpretation by resolving model-dependent degeneracies. The typical instrument approach is that incident X-rays scatter off a plastic scintillator into an adjacent scintillator cell. In all missions to date, the scintillators are read out using traditional vacuum tube photo-multipliers (PMTs). The advent of solid-state PMTs (“silicon PM” or “MPPC”) is attractive for space-based instruments since the devices are compact, robust and require a low bias voltage. We have characterised the plastic scintillator, EJ-248M, optically coupled to a multi-pixel photon counter (MPPC) and read out with the Citiroc ASIC. A light-yield of 1.6 photoelectrons/keV has been obtained, with a low energy detection threshold of ≲5 keV at room temperature. We have also constructed an MPPC-based polarimeter-demonstrator in order to investigate the feasibility of such an approach for future instruments. Incident X-rays scatter from a plastic-scintillator bar to surrounding cerium-doped GAGG (Gadolinium Aluminium Gallium Garnet) scintillators yielding time-coincident signals in the scintillators. We have determined the polarimetric response of this set-up using both unpolarised and polarised ∼50 keV X-rays. We observe a clear asymmetry in the GAGG counting rates for the polarised beam. The low-energy detection threshold in the plastic scintillator can be further reduced using a coincidence technique. The demonstrated polarimeter design shows promise as a space-based Compton polarimeter and we discuss ways in which our polarimeter can be adapted for such a mission.

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are exceptionally bright electromagnetic events occurring daily on the sky. The prompt emission is dominated by X-/gamma-rays. Since their discovery over 50 years ago, GRBs are primarily studied through spectral and temporal measurements. The properties of the emission jets and underlying processes are not well understood. A promising way forward is the development of missions capable of characterising the linear polarisation of the high-energy emission. For this reason, the SPHiNX mission has been developed for a small-satellite platform. The polarisation properties of incident high-energy radiation (50-600 keV) are determined by reconstructing Compton scattering interactions in a segmented array of plastic and Gd3Al2Ga3O12(Ce) (GAGG(Ce)) scintillators. During a two-year mission, similar to 200 GRBs will be observed, with similar to 50 yielding measurements where the polarisation fraction is determined with a relative error <= 10%. This is a significant improvement compared to contemporary missions. This performance, combined with the ability to reconstruct GRB localisation and spectral properties, will allow discrimination between leading classes of emission models.