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Högselius, P. & Evens, S. (Eds.). (2025). The Nuclear-Water Nexus. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Nuclear-Water Nexus
2025 (English)Collection (editor) (Refereed)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2025. p. 402
National Category
Technology and Environmental History
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369344 (URN)10.7551/mitpress/15572.001.0001 (DOI)
Funder
EU, European Research Council, 771928
Note

QC 20250923

Available from: 2025-09-02 Created: 2025-09-02 Last updated: 2025-09-23Bibliographically approved
Evens, S. (2024). Nouvelles Des Archives Studying The History Of Nuclear Safety Between 1950 And 1985 In American Archives. Entreprises et Histoire, 114(1), 211-213
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Nouvelles Des Archives Studying The History Of Nuclear Safety Between 1950 And 1985 In American Archives
2024 (English)In: Entreprises et Histoire, ISSN 1161-2770, E-ISSN 2100-9864, Vol. 114, no 1, p. 211-213Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
CAIRN, 2024
National Category
History Economic History
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-351786 (URN)10.3917/eh.114.0211 (DOI)2-s2.0-85199348478 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20240815

Available from: 2024-08-13 Created: 2024-08-13 Last updated: 2024-12-03Bibliographically approved
Evens, S. (2024). Streams, Steams, and Steels: A Transnational History of Risk Regulation in Nuclear Power Plants (1850–1985). (Doctoral dissertation). Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Streams, Steams, and Steels: A Transnational History of Risk Regulation in Nuclear Power Plants (1850–1985)
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Water is essential to produce nuclear energy and prevent nuclear disasters. As light water reactors are increasingly seen as a solution to achieving a sustainable energy transition and battling the climate crisis, it is more important than ever to investigate the risks of using water for nuclear power production. However, the reactor technologies that manage all that water and steam – pressure vessels, steam generators, pipes, valves, and pumps – have not received much attention from historians, STS scholars, and risk sociologists. Therefore, this dissertation aims to study the risk regulation of these crucial reactor components and materials by national and international actors from a historical perspective.

Relying on archival sources from the US, France, Sweden, and multiple international organisations, as well as on interviews, this dissertation aims to write a new, longue durée history of nuclear safety, going back to the origins of water and steam risk management in the nineteenth century. Such a historical perspective on nuclear risk regulation reveals two important insights. Firstly, in the 1950s and 1960s, the usage of water and steam technologies in nuclear reactors revealed new types of risks. These ‘ambi-nuclear risks’ are a hybrid of older steam risks, such as leaks, breaks, and explosions, and new risks of radiation and contamination. Secondly, between the 1950s and 1980s, new regimes were created in the US, France, and Sweden to regulate these risks. Initially, during the 1950s, non-nuclear steam regulations were applied directly to the first nuclear power plants. Yet, as power plants increased in size, accidents occurred, and nuclear technologies became increasingly controversial, ‘ambi-nuclear risk regimes’ were created to adapt or ‘nuclearise’ the older regulations. They included new safety measures and methodologies that were directed toward preventing radiation releases, but at the same time they mobilised older technologies, institutions, knowledges, and ideas related to thermal hydraulics and metallurgy. Ambi-nuclear risk regimes were shaped by a wide variety of historical actors through negotiating boundaries between ‘nuclear’ and ‘non-nuclear’ knowledges, components, risks, and regulations. Private or semi-private engineering associations played a particularly vital role in this.

This thesis thus shows how nuclear safety as we know it today became nuclear as the result of a transnational long-term process that was greatly determined by much older non-nuclear water and steam risks. The results of this dissertation contribute to ongoing scholarly debates on risk, nuclear technologies, and water in fields like History of Technology, Environmental3History, STS, and Risk Sociology. Most importantly, the thesis expands the time frame in which nuclear risk has traditionally been studied. It challenges dominant conceptions of nuclear power as innovative or exceptional, instead connecting questions of nuclear risk to longer historical developments in water management and industrialisation. This demonstrates the importance of historical contingency for understanding risk and preventing (nuclear) disasters.

Abstract [sv]

Vatten krävs för att producera kärnenergi och förhindra olyckor. Eftersom lättvattenreaktorer alltmer ses som en lösning för att uppnå en hållbar energiomställning och bekämpa klimatkrisen är det viktigare än någonsin att undersöka vilka risker användningen av vatten för kärnkraftsproduktion innebär. Teknikerna som används för att hantera allt vatten och ånga för att förhindra större kärnkraftsolyckor - tryckkärl, ånggeneratorer, rör, ventiler och pumpar - har dock inte fått mycket uppmärksamhet från historiker, STS- forskare och risksociologer. Därför syftar denna avhandling till att studera ur ett historiskt perspektiv hur dessa komponenter och deras risker hanterades och styrdes av nationella och internationella aktörer.

Med hjälp av arkivkällor från Sverige, USA, Frankrike och flera internationella organisationer, samt intervjuer, presenterar denna avhandling fram en ny, långsiktig historia om kärnsäkerhet, som går tillbaka till ursprunget för riskhantering kring vatten och ånga under 1800-talet. Ett sådant historiskt perspektiv på riskreglering av kärnkraft ger två viktiga insikter. För det första innebar användningen av vatten- och ångteknik i kärnreaktorer att en ny typ av risker uppstod. Dessa "ambi-nukleära risker" är en hybrid av äldre ångrisker, som läckage, brott eller explosioner, och nya risker för strålning och kontaminering. För det andra, mellan 1950- och 1980-talen skapades system i USA, Frankrike och Sverige för att reglera dessa risker. Till en början, under 1950-talet, tillämpades icke-nukleära ångbestämmelser direkt på de första kärnkraftverken. Men i takt med att kraftverken blev större, olyckor inträffade och kärntekniken blev alltmer kontroversiell skapades "ambi-nukleära riskregimer" för att anpassa eller "nuklearisera" de äldre bestämmelserna. De omfattade nya säkerhetsåtgärder och metoder som var inriktade på att förhindra radioaktiva utsläpp, men samtidigt mobiliserade de äldre tekniker, institutioner, kunskaper och idéer med anknytning till termisk hydraulik och metallurgi. Ambi-nukleära riskregimer utvecklades av en mängd olika historiska aktörer genom förhandlingar om gränser mellan "nukleär" och "icke-nukleär" kunskap, komponenter, risker och regleringar. Privata eller halvprivata ingenjörsorganisationer spelade en särskilt viktig roll i detta sammanhang.

Denna avhandling visar således att kärnkraftsäkerhet har blivit kärnteknisk eller nukleär som ett resultat av en transnationell och långsiktig process som i hög grad bestämdes av äldre icke-nukleära vatten- och ångregimer. Resultaten av denna avhandling bidrar till pågående vetenskapliga debatter om risk, kärnteknik och vatten inom teknikhistoria, miljöhistoria, STS och5risksociologi. Avhandlingens viktigaste bidrag är att den har vidgat den tidsram med vilken kärnkraftsrisker traditionellt har studerats. Den har utmanat dominerande uppfattningar om kärnkraft som innovativ eller exceptionell, och istället kopplat frågor om kärnkraftsrisk till längre historiska utvecklingar inom vattenhantering och industrialisering. Detta visar på betydelsen av historiska omständigheter för att skapa nya risker och förhindra (kärnkrafts)katastrofer.

Abstract [fr]

L'eau est essentielle pour la production d'énergie nucléaire et pour la prévention des catastrophes nucléaires. Cependant, les technologies des réacteurs qui gèrent l’eau et la vapeur – cuves sous pression, générateurs de vapeur, tuyaux, tubes, vannes et pompes – n'ont pas reçu beaucoup d’attention des personnes historiennes, chercheures STS, et sociologues du risque. Par conséquent, cette thèse propose d’étudier dans une perspective historique la réglementation des risques associés à ces composants et matériaux cruciaux par les acteurs nationaux et internationaux.

S'appuyant sur des sources archivistiques provenant de la France, des États- Unis, de la Suède, et des organisations internationales, ainsi que sur une série d’entretiens, cette thèse propose une nouvelle histoire « longue durée » de la sûreté nucléaire, en remontant aux origines de la gestion des risques liés à l'eau et à la vapeur au dix-neuvième siècle. Une telle perspective historique quant à la réglementation des risques nucléaires révèle deux éléments importants. Premièrement, dans les années 1950 et 1960, l'utilisation des technologies de l'eau et de la vapeur dans les réacteurs nucléaires a révélé de nouveaux types de risques. Ces « risques ambi-nucléaires » sont un ensemble hybride des anciens risques liés à la vapeur, tels que les fuites, les ruptures et les explosions, et des nouveaux risques de radiation et de contamination. Deuxièmement, entre les années 1950 et 1980, de nouveaux régimes ont été créés aux États-Unis, en France et en Suède pour réglementer ces risques. Dans un premier temps, au cours des années 1950, des réglementations relatives à la vapeur ont été appliquées directement aux premières centrales nucléaires. Cependant, avec l'augmentation de la taille des centrales, les accidents et la controverse croissante autour des technologies nucléaires, des « régimes de risque ambi-nucléaire » ont été créés afin d'adapter ou de «nucléariser» les anciennes réglementations. Ceux-ci comprenaient de nouvelles mesures de sûreté et des méthodes visant à prévenir les rejets de radiations, mais mobilisant en même temps des technologies, des institutions, des connaissances et des idées plus anciennes liées à l'hydraulique thermique et à la métallurgie. Les régimes de risque ambi-nucléaire ont ainsi été façonnés par une grande variété d'acteurs historiques qui ont négocié les frontières entre les connaissances, les composants, les risques et les réglementations «nucléaires» et «non-nucléaires». Les associations de personnes ingénieures privées ou semi-privées ont joué un rôle particulièrement important à cet égard.7Cette thèse montre donc comment la sûreté nucléaire est devenue « nucléaire ». Les résultats de cette thèse contribuent aux débats scientifiques sur le risque, les technologies nucléaires et l'eau dans l'histoire de la technologie, l'histoire de l'environnement, STS et la sociologie du risque. La thèse élargit le cadre temporel avec lequel le risque nucléaire a été traditionnellement étudié. Elle remet en question les conceptions dominantes de l'énergie nucléaire comme innovante ou exceptionnelle, en reliant plutôt les questions de risque nucléaire à des développements historiques plus longs dans le domaine de la gestion de l'eau. Cela démontre l'importance de la contingence historique pour la création de nouveaux risques, l'évaluation de la « nucléarité » et la création de connaissances, de pratiques et de réglementations pour prévenir les catastrophes nucléaires.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 379
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 247
Keywords
Nuclear, risk, water, steam, steel, regulation, safety, Nucléaire, risque, eau, vapeur, acier, sûreté, réglementation, Kärnkraft, risk, vatten, ånga, stål, säkerhet
National Category
Technology and Environmental History History
Research subject
History of Science, Technology and Environment
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-344897 (URN)978-91-8040-883-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-05-03, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, KTH Campus, public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67422611084, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
EU, European Research Council, EU029
Note

QC 20240402

Available from: 2024-04-02 Created: 2024-04-02 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved
Evens, S. (2022). Crisis and Catastrophe: Dutch dealing with disasters in the long nineteenth century [Review]. BMGN: Low Countries Historical Review, 137
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Crisis and Catastrophe: Dutch dealing with disasters in the long nineteenth century
2022 (English)In: BMGN: Low Countries Historical Review, ISSN 0165-0505, E-ISSN 2211-2898, Vol. 137Article, book review (Other academic) Published
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review, KNHG, 2022
National Category
History Specific Literatures
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-315804 (URN)10.51769/bmgn-lchr.11683 (DOI)000821573600005 ()
Note

QC 20220721

Available from: 2022-07-21 Created: 2022-07-21 Last updated: 2022-07-21Bibliographically approved
Evens, S. (2022). Crisis en Catastrofe.: De Nederlandse omgang met rampen in de lange negentiende eeuw [Review]. BMGN: Low Countries Historical Review (137)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Crisis en Catastrofe.: De Nederlandse omgang met rampen in de lange negentiende eeuw
2022 (Dutch; Flemish)In: BMGN: Low Countries Historical Review, ISSN 0165-0505, E-ISSN 2211-2898, no 137Article, book review (Refereed) Published
National Category
History
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-309745 (URN)
Note

QC 20220315

Available from: 2022-03-10 Created: 2022-03-10 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
Evens, S. (2022). Les risques de refroidissment: L’eau comme frontière spatiale et temporelle de l’énergie nucléaire. In: Enquêter dans le nucléaire: . Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Les risques de refroidissment: L’eau comme frontière spatiale et temporelle de l’énergie nucléaire
2022 (French)In: Enquêter dans le nucléaire, Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2022Chapter in book (Refereed)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2022
National Category
Technology and Environmental History History
Research subject
History of Science, Technology and Environment
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-308485 (URN)
Note

Part of book: ISBN 978-2-7535-8312-2, QC 20220208

Available from: 2022-02-07 Created: 2022-02-07 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved
Lindström, K., Gutting, A., Högselius, P., Evens, S., Klüppelberg, A., Khandozhko, R. & Storm, A. (2021). How Should History of Technology Be Written? Some Lessons from an Ongoing Research Project on the Global History of Nuclear Energy. Technikgeschichte, 88(2), 185-190
Open this publication in new window or tab >>How Should History of Technology Be Written? Some Lessons from an Ongoing Research Project on the Global History of Nuclear Energy
Show others...
2021 (English)In: Technikgeschichte, ISSN 0040-117X, E-ISSN 2942-3503, Vol. 88, no 2, p. 185-190Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Nomos Verlag, 2021
National Category
Technology and Environmental History
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-296968 (URN)10.5771/0040-117x-2021-2-185 (DOI)
Projects
Nuclear Waters
Funder
EU, European Research Council
Note

QC 20211124

Available from: 2021-06-13 Created: 2021-06-13 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved
Evens, S. (2021). The Seeds of a European Risk Society: Marcinelle and The European Coal and Steel Community. European Review of History, 28(3), 398-421
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Seeds of a European Risk Society: Marcinelle and The European Coal and Steel Community
2021 (English)In: European Review of History, ISSN 1350-7486, E-ISSN 1469-8293, Vol. 28, no 3, p. 398-421Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The disaster in the Bois du Cazier mine in Marcinelle, Belgium was one of the biggest mining accidents in post-Second World War Western European history. The death toll was large: 262 miners died, of whom 136 were Italian. This article studies the transnational impact of that event by combining theoretical frameworks from both risk studies and European integration literature, with a specific focus on the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). After the catastrophe, numerous actors shifted the question of blame from an individual and national level to the European level. Mining risks were discussed as a structural and European issue. Furthermore, the ECSC saw the disaster as an opportunity for more European integration in new domains, most notably social policy. An intergovernmental conference in 1957 placed new policy areas, such as the harmonization of technical standards, emergency management, working conditions, wages and arrangements for foreign labourers on the political agenda. The conference and the body that was founded after it - the Mines Safety Commission - are often portrayed as failures because they did not manage to complete this ambitious social agenda. Still, the Marcinelle accident had a long-lasting impact on the way in which risks and disasters were managed on the European level. Some measures were deemed more 'technical', but played a social role as well. The implemented and established institutions and practices within the High Authority remained influential in the decades to come. On a more theoretical level, the case of Marcinelle illustrates the importance of combining risk and European integration frameworks. By studying Marcinelle from a risk management perspective, it is possible to transcend the current historiographic discussions, which seem stuck in a normative quarrel about responsibilities and blame. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Informa UK Limited, 2021
Keywords
Marcinelle, Bois du Cazier, risk, mines, European integration, risk society
National Category
Technology and Environmental History History Other Earth Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-291755 (URN)10.1080/13507486.2021.1882949 (DOI)000623864400001 ()2-s2.0-85101923007 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250324

Available from: 2021-03-18 Created: 2021-03-18 Last updated: 2025-03-24Bibliographically approved
Evens, S. (2020). A complicated way of boiling water: nuclear safety in water history. Water History, 12(3), 331-344
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A complicated way of boiling water: nuclear safety in water history
2020 (English)In: Water History, ISSN 1877-7236, E-ISSN 1877-7244, Vol. 12, no 3, p. 331-344Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Water and nuclear reactors are much closer intertwined than usually perceived. First, water is the source of the steam that drives the turbines of most nuclear power plants around the world. Next to generating electricity, water is the key to preventing accidents in nuclear plants. As uranium keeps on generating heat when the power plant is turned off, its core needs to be cooled continuously. This crucial connection between water and nuclear is focus of the paper. Nuclear safety will appear as relying heavily on earlier knowledge, institutions, and regulatory frameworks, which were related to water. The three parts of this article discuss technologies, actors and risks of nuclear power. Studying water as a resource in a much broader sense than being boiled for steam shows how determining water is to make nuclear power function. As this paper is part of a special issue, Water History in the time of COVID-19, it has undergone modified peer review.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2020
National Category
Humanities and the Arts Technology and Environmental History History
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-291754 (URN)10.1007/s12685-020-00258-0 (DOI)
Note

QC 20210330

Available from: 2021-03-18 Created: 2021-03-18 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved
Evens, S., Klüppelberg, A. & Gärdebo, J. (2020). De serie "Chernobyl" toont grenzen van experten in coronatijden aan. VRT nws
Open this publication in new window or tab >>De serie "Chernobyl" toont grenzen van experten in coronatijden aan
2020 (Dutch; Flemish)Other (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
Place, publisher, year, pages
VRT nws, 2020
National Category
Humanities and the Arts Technology and Environmental History History
Research subject
History of Science, Technology and Environment
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-272097 (URN)
Note

QC 20200427

Available from: 2020-04-16 Created: 2020-04-16 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0003-1510-3929

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