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Impact of paperboard deformation and damage mechanisms on packaging performance
KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), Teknisk mekanik, Farkostteknik och Solidmekanik, Hållfasthetslära. RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB .ORCID-id: 0000-0001-7356-1093
2023 (Engelska)Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
Abstract [en]

Paper-based materials, such as paperboard, are commonly used as packaging materials. In addition to the fact that paper is renewable, there are also many other benefits of paperboard. From a mechanical point of view, paperboard has a high bending stiffness compared to its relatively low weight and high foldability, which are properties of significance in the design of packages. However, a distinct drawback of paperboard is its significant sensitivity to moisture. The moisture reduces the mechanical properties of the paperboard and consequently reduces the performance of the package. This thesis addresses the impact of paperboard deformation and damage mechanisms on packaging performance, with the characterization of the material properties as a starting point. Initially, the relations between moisture and different mechanical properties on a continuum material level were investigated. Then, experimental testing and finite element (FE) simulations were applied to evaluate these relations at the packaging design level.

In Paper A, a material characterization was performed on five commercial paperboards with different basis weights, from the same producer. Five types of mechanical tests to characterize the paperboards material properties were performed:

  • In-plane tensile test,
  • Out-of-plane tensile test,
  • Short-span Compression Test (SCT),
  • Two-point folding,
  • Double-notch shear test.

All tests were performed at several levels of relative humidity (RH). Linear relations between the mechanical properties normalized with their respective value at 50 % RH and moisture ratio were found. 

Paper B examined whether the linear relationships discovered in Paper A are also valid for other paperboard series. Therefore, this study investigated 15 paperboards from four producers at the same RH levels as in Paper A. The paperboards were chosen to be different in furnish and construction, where four recycled boards were included. Here, the in-plane stiffnesses, strengths and SCT values were evaluated as a function of moisture. When the investigated paperboards’ moisture ratios were also normalized, all paperboards followed a linear master curve between normalized mechanical property and normalized moisture ratio. Additionally, a bilinear elastic-plastic in‑plane model was developed to predict the stress-strain relation of an arbitrary paperboard at an arbitrary moisture level without requiring mechanical testing except at standard conditions (50% RH, 23 °C).

In Paper C, the master curve developed in Paper B was used to estimate material input parameters for simulating a Box Compression Test (BCT) at different moisture levels by using an orthotropic material model with a stress-based failure criterion, i.e., a relatively simple material model with few input parameters. The result showed that it was possible to accurately predict the load-compression curve of a BCT when accounting for moisture. Furthermore, it was concluded that modeling the creases’ mechanical properties is vital for capturing the stiffness response of the package. Here, a measurable approach for reducing the creases’ mechanical properties was suggested, based on a folding test to obtain the relative creasing strength (RCS) and a short-span tensile test to obtain the relative tensile strength (RTS). It should be emphasized that the model does not include any fitting parameters. All input data is based on measured values. Due to the importance of creases, the RCS and RTS ratios were investigated further in Paper D. When evaluated against normative shear strength during creasing, the RCS and RTS values together formed a creasing window, where the RTS values corresponded to in-plane cracks (upper limit) and the RCS values corresponded to delamination damage (lower limit). It was observed that both the lower and upper limits exhibit linear relations as functions of shear strain. 

Since creases have an evident effect on the packaging performance from a stacking point of view, it was interesting to investigate a load case exposing the package to shear. Therefore, an additional load case was investigated in Paper E: torsion of paperboard packages, where the experimental data was accurately predicted. Additionally, the effect of bending stiffness was investigated by developing two FE models. Model 1 (used in Paper C) treated the paperboard as a homogeneous material, and Model 2 considered the paperboard a three-ply laminate structure. No significant effect was noted, and it was concluded that the strength has a more significant effect on the BCT than the bending stiffness. It should also be mentioned that there were no problems with cracks when the paperboards were creased and mounted to packages used in Papers C and E. This correlates to the creasing window developed in Paper D since the creasing depth used for the packages is located within the creasing window.

To conclude, the primary procedure in this thesis is developing an easy-to-use model with few material parameters that demonstrably can predict the load-deformation curves for two different load cases. The purpose of the model is not to be used for the precise prediction of failure loads but to gain knowledge about damage mechanisms during the testing procedures. A clear advantage of this approach is that the model can be used to either change the package’s geometry or perform a parametric study on the ingoing material parameters. This can also be varied for each ply separately, which helps converters and paperboard producers. It has also been shown that the model can account for different moisture levels if the master curve developed within this thesis is applied. Finally, it should be emphasized again that the model does not include any fitting parameters. All input data is based on measured values.

Abstract [sv]

Kartong är ett exempel på ett vanligt, pappersbaserat, förpackningsmaterial. Utöver från att det är återvinningsbart så finns det även andra fördelar med att använda kartong i förpackningar. Ur ett mekaniskt perspektiv har exempelvis kartong hög böjstyvhet i förhållande till sin vikt samt är enkelt att vika, vilket är två betydelsefulla egenskaper vid förpackningsdesign. En uppenbar nackdel med kartong däremot, är dess känslighet för fukt, som försämrar de mekaniska egenskaperna hos kartongmaterialet och således även förpackningsprestandan. Med materialkaraktärisering som utgångspunkt, tar den här avhandlingen upp deformationer och skademekanismers påverkan på kartongförpackningars prestanda. Initialt avhandlas relationen mellan fukt och olika mekaniska egenskaper hos kartongmaterialet på kontinuumnivå. Därefter lyfts dessa relationer upp på förpackningsnivå, genom experimentell förpackningsprovning och datorsimuleringar med finita elementmetoden (FEM).

I Artikel A genomfördes en materialkaraktärisering på fem kommersiella kartonger från samma producent, men med olika ytvikt. Följande provmetoder användes vid materialkaraktäriseringen:

  • Dragprov (i planet),
  • Dragprov (ut ur planet),
  • Korta kompressionsprov (SCT),
  • Böjstyvhetsprov,
  • Skjuvprofilsprov.

Samtliga prov utfördes vid flera olika nivåer av relativ fuktighet (RH). Linjära relationer mellan mekanisk egenskap normerad med motsvarande värde vid 50 % RH och fukt noterades.

Artikel B utvärderade huruvida de linjära samband som noterades i Artikel A gäller för andra kartongserier. Således användes totalt 15 kartongkvalitéer från fyra olika tillverkare. Provningen skedde under samma förhållanden som i Artikel A. Kartongerna valdes noga ut för att säkerställa att de hade olika konstruktion och innehåll. Exempelvis innehöll fyra av kartongerna endast återvunna fibrer. Artikel B avgränsades till att endast utvärdera dragprov i planet, samt SCT som funktion av fukt. Till skillnad från Artikel A så normerades även fuktkvoterna i diagrammet, vilket resulterade i att alla kartonger, oberoende av tillverkare, sammanföll kring samma linjära masterkurva som beskriver sambandet mellan normerad mekanisk egenskap och normerad fuktkvot. Utöver detta utvecklades en bilinjär elastisk‑plastisk i-planet-modell som kan förutsäga spännings-töjningskurvor för en godtycklig kartong vid valfri fukthalt utan att genomföra några mekaniska test utöver dragprov vid standardklimat (50% RH, 23 °C). 

I Artikel C utnyttjades det linjära sambandet mellan mekanisk egenskap och fuktkvot till att prediktera materialegenskaperna som användes till ingångsparametrar vid simuleringar av boxkompressionsprovning (BCT) vid olika fuktnivåer. Simuleringarna baserades på en ortotropisk materialmodell med ett kollapskriterium, således en relativt enkel materialmodell med få materialparametrar. Simuleringarna jämfördes med experimentell provning och visade sig kunna prediktera experimentella resultat vid olika fukthalter bra. Utöver detta drogs slutsatsen att bigarnas materialegenskaper är vitala för att simulera förpackningens styvhetsrespons. För att modellera detta användes ett mätbart tillvägagångssätt baserat på vikprover för att bestämma relativ bigstyrka (RCS) och korta dragprover för att utvärdera bigens relativa dragstyrka (RTS). Alla materialparametrar baserades på mätbara data, och ingen kurvanpassning gjordes. Till följd av bigarnas stora påverkan undersöktes reduktionskvoterna, RCS och RTS, ytterligare i Artikel D. När kvoterna utvärderas mot normativ skjuvtöjning bildar de tillsammans ett bigfönster där RTS utgör övre gränsen och RCS undre gränsen i fönstret. Det noterades att båda dessa gränser betedde sig linjärt.

På grund av bigarnas betydande påverkan på förpackningsprestandan var det av yttersta intresse att utvärdera ett lastfall där förpackningen utsattes för skjuvning. Ett sådant introducerades i Artikel E: vridning av lådor, i vilken simuleringar överensstämde väl med fysiska experiment. Dessutom utvärderades effekten av böjstyvhet genom att två olika FE-modeller, där Modell 1 (tillämpad i Artikel C) simulerade kartongen som ett homogent material. I Modell 2 modellerades kartongen som en treskiktsstruktur. Trots olikheterna i uppbyggnad märktes ingen signifikant effekt på slutresultatet. Istället drogs slutsatsen att styrkan har större effekt på förpackningens BCT-värde än böjstyvheten. Inga sprickor noterades heller under bigning och montering av förpackningarna som användes i Artiklarna C och E. Det här stämmer väl överens med resultaten i Artikel D eftersom bigdjupet som användes för förpackningarna förhöll sig inom ramarna för det utvecklade bigfönstret.

Sammanfattningsvis var det primära syftet med den här avhandlingen att utveckla en lättanvänd modell med få materialparametrar som kan prediktera last‑deformationskurvor för olika lastfall. Syftet var inte att modellen skulle användas för att simulera fysiska experiment så noggrant som möjligt, utan istället att öka kunskapen om skademekanismer under provningsförfaranden. En tydlig fördel med det här tillvägagångssättet är att modellen kan användas för att antingen variera förpackningsgeometrin, eller göra en parameterstudie av de ingående materialparametrarna. Den kan också användas för varje skikt separat, vilket skulle hjälpa både konverterare och producenter. Utöver detta har det visats att modellen kan ta hänsyn till fukt, om masterkurvan från Artikel B används. Slutligen bör det förtydligas att modellen inte innehåller några parameteranpassningar och att all ingångsdata bygger på mätbara värden.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. , s. 71
Serie
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2023:05
Nationell ämneskategori
Pappers-, massa- och fiberteknik
Forskningsämne
Hållfasthetslära
Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-324179ISBN: 978-91-8040-488-4 (tryckt)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-324179DiVA, id: diva2:1738574
Disputation
2023-03-20, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/68584850602, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 13:00 (Engelska)
Opponent
Handledare
Anmärkning

QC 230227

Tillgänglig från: 2023-02-27 Skapad: 2023-02-22 Senast uppdaterad: 2023-12-05Bibliografiskt granskad
Delarbeten
1. Stiffness and strength properties of five paperboards and their moisture dependency
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Stiffness and strength properties of five paperboards and their moisture dependency
2020 (Engelska)Ingår i: TAPPI Journal, ISSN 0734-1415, Vol. 19, nr 2, s. 71-85Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
Abstract [en]

Five commercial multiply folding boxboards made on the same paperboard machine have been analyzed. The paperboards were from the same product series but had different grammage (235, 255, 270, 315, 340 g/m(2)) and different bending stiffness. The paperboards are normally used to make packages, and because the bending stiffness and grammage varies, the performance of the packages will differ. Finite element simulations can be used to predict these differences, but for this to occur, the stiffness and strength properties need to be determined. For efficient determination of the three-dimensional properties in the machine direction (MD), cross direction (CD), and Z direction (ZD), it is proposed that the paperboard should be characterized using in-plane tension, ZD-tension, shear strength profiles, and two-point bending. The proposed setups have been used to determine stiffness and strength properties at different relative humidity (20,% 50%, 70%, and 90% RH), and the mechanical properties have been evaluated as a function of moisture ratio. There was a linear relation between mechanical properties and moisture ratio for each paperboard. When the data was normalized with respect to the standard climate (50% RH) and plotted as a function of moisture ratio, it was shown that the normalized mechanical properties for all paperboards coincided along one single line and could therefore be expressed as a linear function of moisture ratio and two constants. Consequently, it is possible to obtain the mechanical properties of a paperboard by knowing the structural properties for the preferred level of RH and the mechanical property for the standard climate (50% RH and 23 degrees C). Application: This study used the definition of moisture ratio to keep track of the moisture in paperboard, and a linear relation between the normalized mechanical properties and the moisture ratio in the paperboard was detected. This means that it is possible to estimate the mechanical properties by any moisture ratio of paperboard by using the two constants a and b (determined in the study) and knowing the mechanical properties at standard climate (50% RH and 23 degrees C).

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Technical Association of the Pulp & Paper Industry Inc., 2020
Nationell ämneskategori
Materialteknik
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-271512 (URN)10.32964/TJ19.2.71 (DOI)000518798200003 ()2-s2.0-85083756126 (Scopus ID)
Anmärkning

Not duplicate with DiVA 1378555

Not duplicate with diva2:1378555 diva2:1426690 diva2:1593858

QC 20200427

Tillgänglig från: 2020-04-27 Skapad: 2020-04-27 Senast uppdaterad: 2024-03-18Bibliografiskt granskad
2. Elastic-plastic model for the mechanical properties of paperboard as a function of moisture
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Elastic-plastic model for the mechanical properties of paperboard as a function of moisture
2020 (Engelska)Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal, ISSN 0283-2631, E-ISSN 2000-0669, Vol. 35, nr 3, s. 353-361Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
Abstract [en]

To verify a linear relation between normalized mechanical property and moisture ratio, in-plane tensile tests were performed on four types of paperboard from different manufacturers. Tensile properties were normalized with respect to the property at standard climate (50 % RH, 23 °C). Short-span Compression Tests were also performed to investigate if the relation was linear also for in-plane compression. The tests were performed at different relative humidity (20, 50, 70 and 90 % RH) but with constant temperature (23 °C) in MD and CD, respectively. The linear relation was confirmed for the normalized mechanical properties investigated. In fact, when also the moisture ratio was normalized with the standard climate, all paperboards coincided along the same line. Therefore, each mechanical property could be expressed as a linear function of moisture ratio and two parameters. Moreover, an in-plane bilinear elastic-plastic material model was suggested, based on four parameters: strength, stiffness, yield strength and hardening modulus, where all parameters could be expressed as linear functions of moisture ratio. The model could predict the elastic-plastic behavior for any moisture content from the two parameters in the linear relations and the mechanical properties at standard climate.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2020
Nationell ämneskategori
Pappers-, massa- och fiberteknik
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-287375 (URN)10.1515/npprj-2019-0104 (DOI)000575408000005 ()2-s2.0-85085653511 (Scopus ID)
Anmärkning

QC 20201216

Tillgänglig från: 2020-12-09 Skapad: 2020-12-09 Senast uppdaterad: 2023-02-22Bibliografiskt granskad
3. Experimental and finite element simulated box compression tests on paperboard packages at different moisture levels
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Experimental and finite element simulated box compression tests on paperboard packages at different moisture levels
2021 (Engelska)Ingår i: Packaging technology & science, ISSN 0894-3214, E-ISSN 1099-1522, Vol. 34, nr 4, s. 229-243Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
Abstract [en]

Finite element (FE) analyses can be used as a powerful tool in the package design process to study for instance stress and strain fields that arise during loading. An orthotropic linear elastic material model with a stress-based failure criterion was used to simulate box compression tests (BCTs) of a paperboard package in the FE solver LS-Dyna. Physical experiments were performed at 50%, 70%, and 90% relative humidity (RH). The input parameters required for the simulations were calculated based on material characterization at standard climate (50% RH and 23°C) and a linear relation between mechanical material properties and moisture ratio established in earlier studies. The result showed that it was possible to accurately predict the load–compression curve of a BCT when moisture was accounted for. Furthermore, it was found that modelling of the mechanical properties of the creases are important for capturing the stiffness response of the package. To conclude, it was possible to predict the box compression strength and the linear stiffness response prior to the peak in the load–compression response at relevant moisture levels, by using the previously established linear relationship between moisture ratio and material properties. In addition to the moisture ratio at the preferred moisture level, the only material properties required were the in-plane strengths and stiffnesses, and the out-of-plane shear moduli at standard climate.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Wiley, 2021
Nyckelord
box compression test, FE simulations, material characterization, moisture, paperboard, Compression testing, Finite element method, Moisture determination, Paperboards, Stiffness, Stress analysis, Box compression tests, Compression strength, Linear elastic material, Linear relationships, Material characterizations, Mechanical material properties, Physical experiments, Stress-based failure criterion, Boxes, Moisture Content, Packages, Properties
Nationell ämneskategori
Pappers-, massa- och fiberteknik
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304441 (URN)10.1002/pts.2554 (DOI)000604976500001 ()2-s2.0-85099099929 (Scopus ID)
Anmärkning

Not duplicate with DiVA 1508067 which is a manuscript and part of a thesis

QC 20211108

Tillgänglig från: 2021-11-08 Skapad: 2021-11-08 Senast uppdaterad: 2023-02-22Bibliografiskt granskad
4. Experimental quantification of differences in damage due to in-plane tensile test and bending of paperboard
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Experimental quantification of differences in damage due to in-plane tensile test and bending of paperboard
2022 (Engelska)Ingår i: Packaging technology & science, ISSN 0894-3214, E-ISSN 1099-1522, Vol. 35, nr 1, s. 69-80Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
Abstract [en]

Creasing is an essential process to convert paperboards into packages since it enables folding along well-defined lines. The creasing process relies on purpose-made damage that is initiated in the paperboard structure: delamination. However, creasing might also cause in-plane cracks, which must be avoided. In this laboratory study, three paperboards were creased at six different depths, respectively. Two mechanical tests were performed to characterize the creases at standard climate (23°C and 50% RH): 2-point folding, to examine the bending force and short-span in-plane tensile test to evaluate the strength. The results were normalized with the values for the uncreased boards, which gave the relative strength ratios: relative creasing strength (RCS) and relative tensile strength (RTS). When the relative strengths were evaluated against the normative shear strains, a creasing window was formed. This window has an upper limit given by the RTS values, corresponding to the in-plane cracks, and a lower limit given by the RCS values, corresponding to the delamination damage initiated in the paperboard during creasing. It was observed that both the RCS and RTS values exhibit a linear relation against normative shear strain. From this, it was concluded that performing tests at two creasing depths might be sufficient to estimate the lower, and upper, limits for the creasing window in future studies. Finally, the effect of moisture was investigated by creasing, folding and tensile testing at 23°C and 90% RH, which showed that moisture had no clear effect on the RCS or the RTS values. 

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Wiley, 2022
Nyckelord
creasing, moisture, paperboard, RCS, RTS, Bending tests, Paperboards, Tensile strength, Tensile testing, %moisture, Foldings, Lower limits, Plane crack, Relative creasing strength, Relative strength, Relative tensile strength, Strength values, Upper limits, Bending, Damage, Folding, Processes, Windows
Nationell ämneskategori
Pappers-, massa- och fiberteknik
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312038 (URN)10.1002/pts.2608 (DOI)000703042400001 ()2-s2.0-85116161583 (Scopus ID)
Anmärkning

QC 20220516

Tillgänglig från: 2022-05-16 Skapad: 2022-05-16 Senast uppdaterad: 2023-02-22Bibliografiskt granskad
5. Torsional and compression loading of paperboard packages: Experimental and FE analysis
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Torsional and compression loading of paperboard packages: Experimental and FE analysis
2022 (Engelska)Ingår i: Packaging technology & science, ISSN 0894-3214, E-ISSN 1099-1522, Vol. 36, nr 1, s. 31-44Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
Abstract [en]

The present study investigates torsional and compressive loading of a paperboard package. Finite element (FE) analyses simulating the tests were performed to improve understanding of the stresses and deformations in the paperboard during loading. A simple experimental characterization of the necessary material properties could be performed to represent the multi-ply paperboard as a single-ply structure. The results from the single-ply model were compared with a laminate model, and the differences between the models were small. Comparing experimental and FE simulations of box compression and torsion showed that the FE models could accurately predict the response curves. However, in the simulations, there was an overprediction of the maximum compressive force and maximum torque, which was expected since geometrical imperfections and the heterogeneous internal structure of the material were not accounted for in the material model or the FE model. Local yield lines formed at the onset of non-linearities in the package load–displacement curves. Therefore, the strength of the paperboard affects the maximum compressive strength and maximum torque, and the bending stiffness of the paperboard only had a minor effect. When a first local maximum was reached, the number of FE that reached the failure stress increased exponentially. The simulations also showed that box compression was not an effect of package height, but higher packages had a lower maximum torque.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Wiley, 2022
Nationell ämneskategori
Pappers-, massa- och fiberteknik
Forskningsämne
Hållfasthetslära
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-324138 (URN)10.1002/pts.2693 (DOI)000871454000001 ()2-s2.0-85140254770 (Scopus ID)
Anmärkning

QC 20230227

Tillgänglig från: 2023-02-21 Skapad: 2023-02-21 Senast uppdaterad: 2023-12-05Bibliografiskt granskad

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