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Multi-Scale Surface Water-Groundwater Interaction: Implications for GroundwaterDischarge Patterns
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Resources, Energy and Infrastructure.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6908-5212
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Rivers and aquifers are continuously exchanging water, driven by processes that occur on various temporal and spatial scales, ranging from small streambed features to large geological structures. The interaction between these two components occurs in permeable sediments below the stream channel, called the hyporheic zone. This zone is an important ecotone in which water, energy, and solutes originating from groundwater and stream water mix. The exchange fluxes through the hyporheic zone are controlled by a distribution of hierarchically nested flow cells of different sizes that are generated by a spectrum of spatial scales of the hydraulic head condition. Thus, a multiscale mathematical approach is required to reach a comprehensive understanding of the hyporheic exchange processes. Therefore, this thesis investigates the roles of regional groundwater flow and hyporheic fluxes in a nested flow system within the streambed sediment. Next, the study assesses the importance of regional and local parameters in generalizing the surface water and groundwater interaction. This division of the top-boundary condition in two scale-intervals of the sub-surface flow is arbitrary but facilitates the analytical procedure. The regional groundwater flow field is evaluated using numerical modeling, accounting for the site-specific landscape morphology and geological heterogeneity of a Swedish boreal catchment. An exact spectral solution is applied to the hyporheic flow with account taken to local streambed topography fluctuation. Combinatorial sampling of the modeled flow data and a Monte Carlo simulation are used in a sensitivity analysis to address the uncertainty in hydrostatic and dynamic head contributions to the hyporheic flow field. Then, the impact of the regional groundwater and the hyporheic flows on the nested flow system in aquatic sediment are studied through superpositioning of the flow fields. This is an efficient approach to analyze the nested flow system because the impact on individual scale intervals can be evaluated separately. Additionally, the impacts of streamflow discharge intensity on hyporheic exchange flow fields are investigated through field investigation. In this study, the hyporheic fluxes velocity at the streambed interface were generally at least one order of magnitude higher than groundwater flow velocity. This reflects the domination of hyporheic fluxes at the streambed interface, leading to significant impacts on the discharge of deeper groundwater through the hyporheic zone. Significant effects were found in flow travel time, direction and discharge areas at the streambed sediment. Thus, the upward groundwater flow contracted near the streambed surface and discharged in a fragmented pinhole pattern at the sediment–water interface. The results also indicated that the magnitude of groundwater flow and the heterogeneity of the subsurface sediment (i.e., the depth decaying hydraulic conductivity of streambed sediment) controlled the depth of hyporheic exchange flow in aquatic sediment. Furthermore, the increased stream flow intensity led to a wide range of hyporheic flow residence times in which temperature was used to evaluate stream segments with gaining and losing conditions.

Abstract [sv]

Vattendrag och akviferer utbyter vatten på olika tids- och längdskalor på grund av bottenformationer och det omgivande landskapets topografi. Samspelet av flöden på olika skalor sker i de permeabla sedimenten under det strömmande ytvatten, i den så kallade hyporheiska zonen. Den hyporheiska zonen är en viktig ekoton där vatten, energi och lösta ämnen som kommer från grundvatten och strömmande ytvatten blandas. Flödet i den hyporheiska zonen är uppdelat på flödesceller i ett hierkiskt storlekssystem (spektrum) av olika storlekar som omfattar från flodbäddens formationer till det regionala landskapets topografi. Det innebär att vattendragets hyporeiska zon påverkar det storskaliga grundvattnets utströmning och tvärtom att grundvattnets utströmning påverkar den hyporeiska zonen. Således måste matematiska analyser av vattenströmningen täcka hela det breda intervallet av skalor för att uppnå en tillräcklig förståelse av det hyporheiska utbytesprocesser. I denna avhandling gjorde jag en uppdelning av det regionala grundvattenflödet och det hyporheiskt flödet och undersökte deras respektive roller för strömningsinteraktionen i vattendragens sediment, samt bedömde vikten av regionala och lokala parametrar för att generalisera ytvatten- och grundvatteninteraktionen. En särskilt viktig fråga var att dela upp randvillkoret för grundvattenytan på de två skalintervallen och samtidigt ta hänsyn till infiltrationens begränsning för grundvattenytan. Det regionala grundvattenflödet utvärderades med hjälp av numerisk modellering med hänsyn till platsspecifik landskapsmorfologi, geologisk heterogenitet i ett svenskt borealt avrinningsområde och hydrologisk information, som infiltration och vattendrasnätverket. En exakt spektral lösning applicerades på det hyporeiska flödet med hänsyn till vattendragets lokala topografi på skalor som inte förekom i den regionala grundvattenanalysen. Graden av osäkerhet i det hydrostatiska och dynamiska bidragen till det hyporheiska flödet undersöktes genom en kombinatorisk indata av bottentopografi och den s.k. ”damping factor” som beskriver ytans form i förhållande till bottens form (Monte Carlo-simulering). Effekterna av det regionala grundvattenflödet på det hierkiska flödessystemet i den hyporeiska zonen studerades genom att superponera flödesfälten. Superponeringen blir ett effektivt tillvägagångssätt för att analysera flödessystemens interaktion eftersom de två skalintervallen kan utvärderas separat. Den hyporheiska flödeshastigheten befanns i normalfallet vara minst en storleksordning högre än grundvattenflödeshastigheten. Detta återspeglar att det hyporheiska flödet dominerar över grundvattenutströmning i bottensedimenten och ger en betydande inverkan på grundvattenflödets residenstid genom den hyporeiska zonen, riktning och det djupa grundvattnets utströmning genom bottensedimentet. Det utströmmande grundvattnet uppvisade en markant “kontraktion” eller ”konvergens” på grund av det hyporeiska flödet och utströmningsområdena begränsades till fragmenterade, små områden som är fördelade längs botten. Resultaten indikerade att både intensiteten på grundvattenflödet i förhållande till grundvattenutströmningen och heterogeniteten hos sedimentet kontrollerade hur djupt det hyporheiska flödet nådde. Dessutom ledde den ökade flödesintensiteten till ett bredare spektrum av hyporeiska flödestransporttider. I ett fältförsök användes temperaturmätningar för att utvärdera utbredningen av utströmningsområden. Vidare så undersöktes effekterna av en plötslig vattenståndsökning på det hyporheiska flödet med hjälp av en fältstudie där en dammlucka öppnades plötsligt och skapade en flodvåg.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. , p. 56
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2138
Keywords [en]
groundwater flow, hyporheic zone, multi-scale modeling, spectral analysis, fragmentation of discharge zones, characteristic parameters
National Category
Water Engineering Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydrologic Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304077ISBN: 978-91-8040-025-1 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-304077DiVA, id: diva2:1606406
Public defence
2021-11-26, F3 Lindstedtsvägen 26, KTH Campus, Fjärrdeltagande / Remote participation https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/69591405412, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20211104

Available from: 2021-11-04 Created: 2021-10-27 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Fragmentation of the Hyporheic Zone Due to Regional Groundwater Circulation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Fragmentation of the Hyporheic Zone Due to Regional Groundwater Circulation
2019 (English)In: Water resources research, ISSN 0043-1397, E-ISSN 1944-7973, Vol. 55, no 2, p. 1-21Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

By use of numerical modeling and field observations, this work quantified the effects of catchment-scale upwelling groundwater on the hyporheic (below stream) fluxes over a wide range of spatial scales. A groundwater flow model was developed that specifically accounted for the hydrostatic and dynamic head fluctuations induced by the streambed topography. Although the magnitudes and relative importance of these streambed-induced fluxes were found to be highly sensitive to site-specific hydromorphological properties, we showed that streambed topographic structures exert a predominant control on the magnitude of hyporheic exchange fluxes in a Swedish boreal catchment. The magnitude of the exchange intensity evaluated at the streambed interface was found to be dominated by the streambed-induced hydraulic head across stream order. However, the catchment-scale groundwater flow field substantially affected the distribution of groundwater discharge points and thus decreased the fragmentation of the hyporheic zone, specifically by shifting the cumulative density function toward larger areas of coherent upwelling at the streambed interface. This work highlights the spectrum of spatial scales affecting the surface water-groundwater exchange patterns and resolves the roles of key mechanisms in controlling the fragmentation of the hyporheic zone.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2019
National Category
Earth and Related Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-244783 (URN)10.1029/2018WR024609 (DOI)000461858900020 ()2-s2.0-85061595295 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20190304

Available from: 2019-02-25 Created: 2019-02-25 Last updated: 2025-02-07Bibliographically approved
2. The Effect of Stream Discharge on Hyporheic Exchange
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Effect of Stream Discharge on Hyporheic Exchange
Show others...
2019 (English)In: Water, E-ISSN 2073-4441, Vol. 11, no 7, article id 1436Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Streambed morphology, streamflow dynamics, and the heterogeneity of streambed sediments critically controls the interaction between surface water and groundwater. The present study investigated the impact of different flow regimes on hyporheic exchange in a boreal stream in northern Sweden using experimental and numerical approaches. Low-, base-, and high-flow discharges were simulated by regulating the streamflow upstream in the study area, and temperature was used as the natural tracer to monitor the impact of the different flow discharges on hyporheic exchange fluxes in stretches of stream featuring gaining and losing conditions. A numerical model was developed using geomorphological and hydrological properties of the stream and was then used to perform a detailed analysis of the subsurface water flow. Additionally, the impact of heterogeneity in sediment permeability on hyporheic exchange fluxes was investigated. Both the experimental and modelling results show that temporally increasing flow resulted in a larger (deeper) extent of the hyporheic zone as well as longer hyporheic flow residence times. However, the result of the numerical analysis is strongly controlled by heterogeneity in sediment permeability. In particular, for homogeneous sediments, the fragmentation of upwelling length substantially varies with streamflow dynamics due to the contribution of deeper fluxes.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2019
Keywords
hyporheic zone, transient flow discharge, groundwater-surface water interaction, experimental-modeling study, temperature measurement, depth decaying permeability
National Category
Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-257467 (URN)10.3390/w11071436 (DOI)000480632300121 ()2-s2.0-85073891965 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20190830

Available from: 2019-08-30 Created: 2019-08-30 Last updated: 2023-08-28Bibliographically approved
3. Parameterizing water fluxes in the geosphere-biosphere interface zone: For use in biosphere modelling as part of the long-term safety assessment
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Parameterizing water fluxes in the geosphere-biosphere interface zone: For use in biosphere modelling as part of the long-term safety assessment
2019 (English)In: International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management 2019, IHLRWM 2019, American Nuclear Society , 2019, p. 554-558Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The post-closure safety assessment of the disposal system for high-level nuclear waste should reflect a sufficient understanding of the natural environment surrounding the engineered barriers and future effects of releases of contaminants on human health and the environment. A critical part of radiological models for the biosphere is due to the transport of deep groundwater and subsequent mixing with surface waters when it emerges instreams and wetlands. These processes are highly influenced by the so-called hyporheic flow; the small-scale flow field in the sediments below the stream caused by local pressure gradients at the streambed interface, which contributes to a fragmentation of the upwelling groundwater. The present work addresses the effects of catchment-scale upwelling groundwater on the hyporheic fluxes over a wide range of spatial scales in boreal, glacial landscapes. In such landscapes, the groundwater surface generally follows the topography and soil layers are relatively thin. A model framework was developed to account for both the effects of the regional (groundwater) and locally (streambed) induced flow fields on the hyporheic exchange, specifically accounting for the hydrostatic and dynamic head fluctuations induced by the streambed topography. We show that the hyporheic flow field substantially affected the distribution of deep groundwater discharge points in streams and thus increased the fragmentation of the upwelling, here defined as the size of coherent up- or downwelling areas at the streambed interface. Due to the inverse relationship between the rate coefficient and the groundwater discharge areas, this fragmentation implies a considerable increase in both the flow velocities and rate coefficients through the upper part of the GBI, which are crucial components in dose assessments. Furthermore, the groundwater-surface water interactions were studied in several sub-watersheds to provide a basis for understanding the importance of different topographic and geographic factors and for statistical derivation of general relationships for mass transfer rate coefficients to be used to parameterize water fluxes in radiological dose models for the biosphere. It was found that site specific conditions were difficult to generalize in the form of proxy factors with high confidence, but the most essential factors were found to be stream-order, landscape slope, thickness of Quaternary deposits and indices representing the fractal nature of the landscape topography.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Nuclear Society, 2019
Keywords
Biospherics, Catchments, Discharge (fluid mechanics), Flow fields, Mass transfer, Radioactive wastes, Radioactivity, Rivers, Safety engineering, Soils, Stream flow, Topography, Waste disposal, Biosphere modelling, Engineered barriers, Ground water-surface water interactions, Groundwater discharge area, High level nuclear wastes, Inverse relationship, Natural environments, Quaternary deposits, Groundwater
National Category
Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280582 (URN)2-s2.0-85067122682 (Scopus ID)
Conference
17th International High-Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, IHLRWM 2019, 14-18 April 2019, Knoxville, United States
Note

QC 20200910

Available from: 2020-09-10 Created: 2020-09-10 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
4. Convergence of groundwater discharge through the hyporheic zone of streams
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Convergence of groundwater discharge through the hyporheic zone of streams
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Water Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydrologic Engineering; Land and Water Resources Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304073 (URN)
Note

QC 20211116

Available from: 2021-10-27 Created: 2021-10-27 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
5. Geographic and hydromorphologic controls on surface water–groundwater interactions averaged at different spatial scales
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Geographic and hydromorphologic controls on surface water–groundwater interactions averaged at different spatial scales
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Water Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304075 (URN)
Note

QC 20211116

Available from: 2021-10-27 Created: 2021-10-27 Last updated: 2022-08-09Bibliographically approved

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