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The influence of multiscale hyporheic flow on solute transport: Implications for stream restoration enhancing nitrogen removal
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Resources, Energy and Infrastructure.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9916-2127
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Stream water that flows into and out of streambeds is called hyporheic exchange flow (HEF).It continuously interacts with groundwater and thereby affect the water quality of local streamreaches as well as downstream recipients by providing an environment where solutes andenergy can be retained and degraded. Because of anthropogenic activities, many streams andrivers have been physically, chemically and biologically degraded during the last centuries andnatural functions, such as HEF, have to some extent been lost. The general aim of this thesiswas to advance the understanding of the physical controls of HEF in small streams and toinvestigate how HEF influences solute reactive transport in streambeds and surface waternetworks before and after stream restoration. To reach the aim, the consistency and deviationbetween HEF parameters evaluated with two common approaches were investigated in tendifferent alluvial streams with low discharge, shallow depth and moderate slope. The twoapproaches were: 1) developing and using a deductive hydro-mechanical model to assessed therelationship between the multiscale streambed geomorphology and the reach scale averageHEF parameters, and 2) evaluating HEF parameters from in-stream tracer tests using a 1Dlongitudinal transport model. The relatively high consistency between the approaches connectstheories that previously have been relatively fragmented and provides a tool for upscaling(parameterizing) of HEF in solute transport models over stream networks based onindependent observations of stream topography, streambed sediment properties and in-streamhydraulics. Applying the modelling framework at the network scale and supporting it withcomprehensive datasets provided information regarding physical mechanisms and spatialvariability of HEF as well as its influence on longitudinal solute transport. Specifically, thefractal properties of the water surface profile were shown to represent the average HEF velocitywell. Furthermore, hydraulic head variations over shorter wavelengths (0.1-5 m) were found todrive the main part of the HEF and the static hydraulic head variations dominated over dynamichydraulic head variations as drivers of HEF in all investigated streams. Moreover, this thesishighlights the importance of the hyporheic zone as a bio-chemical and mechanical filter forstream water. It shows that common engineered stream restorations can influence HEF andimprove the water quality in local stream reaches as well as downstream recipients. Specifically,the thesis presents exact solutions to the nitrogen transport, which shows that the mass removalof nitrogen in the hyporheic zone is either transport or reaction limited and that the maximalremoval rate corresponds to an optimal hyporheic residence time and a typical denitrificationDamköhler number. The results also show that potential exists to reduce the agriculturalnitrogen load to the Baltic Sea by stream restorations that optimize the hyporheic residencetimes. However, the large spatiotemporal variability in the potential between reaches stressesthe importance for further studies on which processes that are driving HEF under specifichydromorphologic conditions and careful design of stream restoration measures at each localstream reach.

Abstract [sv]

Vattendrag utgör en volumetrisk liten men viktig del av den hydrologiska cykeln.Vattendrag fungerar som snabba transportleder för vatten, lösta ämnen och energioch ytvattnet interagerar även kontinuerligt med utströmmande grundvatten i den såkallade hyporheiska zonen, vilket är sedimenten närmast vattendragen. Flödet avytvatten in och ut ur den hyporheiska zonen kallas hyporheiskt utbyte och kanpåverka vattenkvalitén i det lokala vattendraget och i nedströms recipienter genomatt skapa förutsättningar för retention och nedbrytning. På grund av antropogenaaktiviteter har många vattendrag blivit fysikaliskt, kemiskt och biologiskt nedbrytna,och naturliga funktioner såsom hyporheiskt utbyte har gått förlorade. För att skyddavattendrag från fortsatt destruktion, och för att restaurera vattendrag och förbättravattenkvalitén i lokala vattendrag och nedströms recipienter krävs en ökad fysikaliskförståelse och tillförlitliga modeller för prognosering av hyporheiskt utbyte. Trots attden hyporheiska zonen studerats ingående under de senaste decennierna misslyckasofta befintliga modeller med att inkludera alla väsentliga temporala och spatiala skalor,och de är därför svårt att generalisera resultaten för större avrinningsområden. Detgenerella syftet med denna avhandling var att öka den fysikaliska förståelsen för hurflödet genom den hyporheiska zonen i små vattendrag drivs och att undersöka hurdet hyporheiska utbytet påverkar ämnestransporten i små enskilda vattendrag ochnätverk av vattendrag. Dessutom syftade avhandlingen till att undersöka betydelsenav restaurering av vattendrag för det hyporheiska utbytet och transporten av kväve ismå jordbruksdiken. Metoderna som användes i den här avhandlingen inkluderarbåde omfattande undersökningar i fält och semi-analytisk matematisk modellering.Ett ramverk av modeller etablerades, vilket inkluderade både en deduktiv,hydromekanisk modell som utvärderar korrelationen mellan den flerdimensionellabottentopografin och hydrologin i ett vattendrag och det hyporheiska utbytet, samten endimensionell longitudinell transportmodell som inducerar de parametrar sombeskriver det hyporheiska utbytet från spårämnesförsök i vattendrag. Dessa tvåmodeller kors-validerades i tio lokala vattendrag och ramverket av modeller användessedan på nätverks-skalan i två studier, då understött med omfattande observationer.

Resultaten visar att hyporheiskt utbyte kan ha stor inverkan på ämnestransporten inätverk av vattendrag samt på det utströmmande grundvattnets flödesmönster.Resultaten underbygger dessutom tidigare studier som visar att fördelningen avhydraulisk tryckhöjd längsmed vattendragens botten till stor del kontrollerar dethyporheiska utbytet i små alluviala vattendrag med lågt flöde, litet djup, och måttliglutning. Bottens och ytvattnets longitudinella profilers fraktala egenskaper är särskiltbetydande för den hyporheiska utbyteshastigheten. Inmätningar av bottentopografinoch ytvattenprofilen i tio små alluviala vattendrag visade att det var de longitudinellavariationerna i hydraulisk tryckhöjd över korta våglängder (0.1-5m) som drevmajoriteten av det hyporheiska utbytet, samt att variationer i den hydrostatiskatryckhöjden var viktigare än variationer i den hydrodynamiska tryckhöjden. Det etablerade modellramverket visade också att nedbrytningen av kväve i denhyporheiska zonen i huvudsak beror på balansen mellan flödet av vatten tillsedimenten och transporttiden däri. Specifikt visar studien att det existerar ettoptimalt Damkhölers tal, definierat som produkten mellan medeluppehållstiden i denhyporheiska zonen, och denitrifikationshastigheten längsmed hyporheiskaflödeslinjer, som motsvarar den optimala nedbrytningshastigheten av kväve, givet enkonstant ratio mellan djupet på den hyporheiska zonen och vattendjupet ivattendraget. Det betyder att nedbrytningshastigheten av kväve i vattendragenantingen är transport eller reaktionsbegränsad, och när det nuvarande Damlkhölerstal bestämdes för alla små vattendrag i jordbruksområden i Sverige, varierade dennabegränsning både mellan vattendrag och mellan olika flödessituationer. Den storaspatiotemporala variationen i potentialen pekar på behovet av en hög lokal förståelseför de processer som faktiskt driver det hyporheiska utbytet samt noggrann ochplatsspecifik design av specifika åtgärder. Modellering visade att om detta görs finnspotential att minska mängden kväve som transporteras till Östersjön genom attförstärka det hyporheiska utbytet i små, alluviala vattendrag.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. , p. 88
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2232
Keywords [en]
Hyporheic exchange flow, Hydrological modeling, Solute transport, Stream restoration, Nitrogen, Power spectral analysis
National Category
Environmental Sciences related to Agriculture and Land-use Water Engineering Marine Engineering Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydrologic Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-316015ISBN: 978-91-8040-305-4 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-316015DiVA, id: diva2:1686457
Public defence
2022-09-05, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 28, KTH Campus, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/69541853309, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20220815

Available from: 2022-08-15 Created: 2022-08-09 Last updated: 2025-02-17Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Design of Remediation Actions for Nutrient Mitigation in the Hyporheic Zone
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Design of Remediation Actions for Nutrient Mitigation in the Hyporheic Zone
2017 (English)In: Water resources research, ISSN 0043-1397, E-ISSN 1944-7973, Vol. 53, no 11, p. 8872-8899Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Although hyporheic exchange has been shown to be of great importance for the overall water quality of streams, it is rarely considered quantitatively in stream remediation projects. A main driver of hyporheic exchange is the hydraulic head fluctuation along the streambed, which can be enhanced by modifications of the streambed topography. Here we present an analytical 2-D spectral subsurface flow model to estimate the hyporheic exchange associated with streambed topographies over a wide range of spatial scales; a model that was validated using tracer-test-results and measurements of hydraulic conductivity. Specifically, engineered steps in the stream were shown to induce a larger hyporheic exchange velocity and shorter hyporheic residence times compared to the observed topography in Tullstorps Brook, Sweden. Hyporheic properties were used to parameterize a longitudinal transport model that accounted for reactions in terms of first-order decay and instantaneous adsorption. Theoretical analyses of the mitigation effect for nitrate due to denitrification in the hyporheic zone show that there is a Damkohler number of the hyporheic zone, associated with several different stream geomorphologies, that optimizes nitrate mass removal on stream reach scale. This optimum can be limited by the available hydraulic head gradient given by the slope of the stream and the geological constraints of the streambed. The model illustrates the complex interactions between design strategies for nutrient mitigation, hyporheic flow patterns, and stream biogeochemistry and highlights the importance to diagnose a stream prior remediation, specifically to evaluate if remediation targets are transport or reaction controlled.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2017
National Category
Water Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-221034 (URN)10.1002/2016WR020127 (DOI)000418736700013 ()2-s2.0-85033605629 (Scopus ID)
Funder
EU, FP7, Seventh Framework ProgrammeSwedish Research Council FormasSwedish Environmental Protection Agency
Note

QC 20180112

Available from: 2018-01-12 Created: 2018-01-12 Last updated: 2022-08-09Bibliographically approved
2. Cross‐Validating Hydromechanical Models and Tracer Test Assessments of Hyporheic Exchange Flow in Streams With Different Hydromorphological Characteristics
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cross‐Validating Hydromechanical Models and Tracer Test Assessments of Hyporheic Exchange Flow in Streams With Different Hydromorphological Characteristics
2021 (English)In: Water resources research, ISSN 0043-1397, E-ISSN 1944-7973, Vol. 57, no 12Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Hyporheic exchange flow (HEF) can generally be quantified through two different approaches. The first approach, which is deductive, entails physically based models, supported with relevant observations. The second approach includes inductive assessments of stream tracer tests using solute transport models, which provide a useful mathematical framework that allows for upscaling of results, but included parameters often have a vague physical base, which limits the possibilities of generalizing results using independent hydromorphological observations. To better understand how the physical basis of HEF-quantifying parameters relates to stream hydromorphology at different spatial scales, we cross-validated the results from (a) tracer test assessments using a 1D solute transport model that accounts for HEF and (b) an independent hydromechanical model that represents HEF driven by multiscale pressure gradients along the streambed interface. To parameterize the models, topographical surveys, tracer tests, and streambed hydraulic conductivity measurements were performed in 10 stream reaches, differing in terms of geomorphology, slope, and discharge. The results show that the models were cross-validated in terms of the average exchange velocity, providing a plausible physical explanation for this parameter in small alluvial streams with low discharges, shallow depth, and moderate slopes. However, the hydromechanical model generally resulted in wider residence time distributions and occasionally higher average residence times compared to the tracer test assessments. From the cross-validated multiscale hydromechanical model, we learned that water surface profile variations were the main drivers of HEF in all investigated streams and that spatial scales between 20 cm and 5 m dominated the estimated HEF velocity. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2021
Keywords
Water Science and Technology
National Category
Marine Engineering Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydrologic Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-305944 (URN)10.1029/2021wr030248 (DOI)000735901700066 ()2-s2.0-85121734640 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20211221

Available from: 2021-12-10 Created: 2021-12-10 Last updated: 2025-02-17Bibliographically approved
3. Potential of stream restorations to enhance the hyporheic removal of agricultural nitrogen in Sweden.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Potential of stream restorations to enhance the hyporheic removal of agricultural nitrogen in Sweden.
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources Environmental Sciences related to Agriculture and Land-use Water Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydrologic Engineering; Land and Water Resources Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-316014 (URN)
Note

QC 20220817

Available from: 2022-08-08 Created: 2022-08-08 Last updated: 2022-08-17Bibliographically approved
4. Geographic and hydromorphologic controls on surface water–groundwater interactions averaged at different spatial scales
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Geographic and hydromorphologic controls on surface water–groundwater interactions averaged at different spatial scales
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Water Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304075 (URN)
Note

QC 20211116

Available from: 2021-10-27 Created: 2021-10-27 Last updated: 2022-08-09Bibliographically approved

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Morén, Ida

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