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Reaction control of metal-assisted chemical etching for silicon-based zone plate nanostructures
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7569-9408
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3095-0608
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics.
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2018 (English)In: RSC Advances, E-ISSN 2046-2069, Vol. 8, no 23, p. 12628-12634Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) reaction parameters were investigated for the fabrication of specially designed silicon-based X-ray zone plate nanostructures using a gold catalyst pattern and etching solutions composed of HF and H2O2. Etching depth, zone verticality and zone roughness were studied as a function of etching solution composition, temperature and processing time. Homogeneous, vertical etching with increasing depth is observed at increasing H2O2 concentrations and elevated processing temperatures, implying a balance in the hole injection and silica dissolution kinetics at the gold-silicon interface. The etching depth decreases and zone roughness increases at the highest investigated H2O2 concentration and temperature. Possible reasons for these observations are discussed based on reaction chemistry and zone plate design. Optimum MACE conditions are found at HFH2O2 concentrations of 4.7 M:0.68 M and room temperature with an etching rate of ≈0.7 μm min-1, which is about an order of magnitude higher than previous reports. Moreover, our results show that a grid catalyst design is important for successful fabrication of vertical high aspect ratio silicon nanostructures. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018. Vol. 8, no 23, p. 12628-12634
Keywords [en]
Aspect ratio, Charge injection, Hydrofluoric acid, Nanocatalysts, Nanostructures, Plate metal, Processing, Silica, Silicon, X ray diffraction, Etching solutions, Metal-assisted chemical etching, Processing temperature, Reaction chemistry, Reaction parameters, Silica dissolution, Silicon interface, Silicon nano structures, Etching
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-227483DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01627eISI: 000429450000016PubMedID: 35541233Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85045188242OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-227483DiVA, id: diva2:1206195
Funder
Swedish Research Council
Note

Export Date: 9 May 2018; Article; CODEN: RSCAC; Correspondence Address: Vogt, U.; KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Albanova University CenterSweden; email: uvogt@kth.se; Funding details: VR, Vetenskapsrådet; Funding text: This work was supported by the Swedish Research Council. We thank Adem B. Ergul for help with the cross-section images and Jussi Rahomäki for starting with MACE in our group. QC 20180516

Available from: 2018-05-16 Created: 2018-05-16 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Metal-assisted chemical etching for nanofabrication of hard X-ray zone plates
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Metal-assisted chemical etching for nanofabrication of hard X-ray zone plates
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Hard X-ray scanning microscopes, or nanoprobes, make it possible to image samples and probe their chemical, elemental and structural properties at nanoscale resolution. This is enabled by the use of nanofocusing optics. Commonly used optics in nanoprobes for high resolution X-ray experiments are zone plates. Zone plates are circular diffraction optics with radially decreasing grating periods. Their performance depends on their geometrical properties and material. The width of the outermost zone, which today is in the order of a few tens of nanometers, defines the zone plate resolution, while the zone thickness and the material define the X-ray focusing efficiency. For hard X-ray zone plates, the required zone thickness is several micrometers. Therefore, high-aspect ratio nanostructures are a prerequisite for high-resolution, high-efficiency zone plates. The very small structures together with the high-aspect ratios make zone plates one of the most challenging devices to fabricate. A wet-chemical nanofabrication process that has proved its capability of providing silicon nanostructures with ultra-high aspect ratios is metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE). MACE is an electroless, autocatalytic pattern transfer method that uses an etching solution to selectively etch a predefined noble metal pattern into silicon. In this thesis, MACE is optimized specifically for zone plate nanostructures and used in the development of a new zone plate device nanofabrication process. The MACE optimization for silicon zone plate nanostructures involved a systematic investigation of a wide parameter space. The preferable etching solution composition, process temperature, zone plate catalyst design and silicon type were identified. Parameter dependencies were characterized with respect to etching depth and verticality, mechanical stability of zones and silicon surface roughness. Zone plate molds with aspect ratios of 30:1 at 30 nm zone widths were nanofabricated using the optimized MACE process. For use with hard X-rays, the silicon molds were metallized with palladium using electroless deposition (ELD). The first order diffraction efficiency of such a palladium/silicon zone plate was characterized as 1.9 %. Both MACE for the zone plate pattern transfer and ELD for the silicon mold metalization are conceptually simple, relatively low-cost and accessible methods, which opens up for further developments of zone plate device nanofabrication processes.

Abstract [sv]

Hårdröntgensvepmikroskopi möjliggör avbildandet av prover och karaktärisering av dem kemiska, elementära och strukturella egenskaperna med nanometerupplösning. Detta är tack vare användandet av nanofokuserande optik. Vanligen förekommande optik i röntgenmikroskop för högupplösta analyser är zonplattor. Zonplattor är cirkulära diffraktionsoptik med radiellt avtagande gitterperiod. Deras prestanda beror på de geometriska egenskaperna och materialet de är gjorda av. Bredden på den yttersta zonen, vilken vanligtvis är i storleksordningen av några tiotal nanometer, definierar zonplattans optiska upplösning medan zontjockleken samt dess material definierar verkningsgraden. För hårdröntgenzonplattor krävs ofta en zontjocklek på några mikrometer. Detta gör nanostrukturer med stort tjocklek-breddförhållande en förutsättning för högupplösta zonplattor med hög verkningsgrad. De väldigt små strukturerna och det stora tjocklek-breddförhållandet gör zonplattor utmanande att tillverka. En våtkemisk nanofabrikationsprocess som har påvisat sin förmåga att tillverka kiselnanostrukturer med extrema tjocklek-breddförhållanden är metall-assisterad kemisk etsning (MACE). MACE är en elektrofri, autokatalytisk process där fördefinierade ädelmetallstrukturer med hjälp av en etslösning selektivt etsar kisel. I denna avhandling optimeras MACE specifikt för nanometerstora zonplattestrukturer och används i en ny nanofabrikationsprocess utvecklad för framtagning av zonplattor. Optimeringen av MACE för zonplattestrukturer i kisel utgjordes av en systematisk och omfattande parameterstudie. Den bättre kompositionen av etslösningen, processtemperaturen, zonplattedesignen och kiselsubstratet identifierades. Processen karaktäriserades med avseende på zonplattans tjocklek och etsriktningen, den mekaniska stabiliteten av zoner och ytråheten hos kislet. Kiselzonplattor med ett tjocklek-breddförhållande på 30:1 med en minsta zonbredd på 30 nm tillverkades med den optimerade MACE processen. Inför användning med hårdröntgen metalliserades kiselzonplattorna med palladium via en autokatalytisk pläteringsprocess (ELD). Verkningsgraden av första ordningens diffraktion för en sådan palladium/kiselzonplatta karaktäriserades till 1.9 %. Både MACE och ELD är konceptuellt enkla, relativt låga i kostnad och tillgängliga metoder som kommer bana väg för det vidare utvecklandet av nanofabrikationsprocesser för zonplatteframställning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. p. 66
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2021:09
Keywords
metal-assisted chemical etching, zone plate, high-aspect ratio, silicon, nanostructures
National Category
Nano Technology Other Physics Topics
Research subject
Physics, Material and Nano Physics; Physics, Optics and Photonics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292566 (URN)978-91-7873-828-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-04-30, Via zoom, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/61021538255, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2021-04-09 Created: 2021-04-08 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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Akan, RabiaParfeniukas, KarolisVogt, CarmenToprak, M. S.Vogt, Ulrich

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