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An Analysis of Consequences of Land Evaluation and Path Optimization
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Urban Planning and Environment, Geoinformatics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3535-9481
2018 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Planners who are involved in locational decision making often use raster-based geographic information systems (GIS) to quantify the value of land in terms of suitability or cost for a certain use. From a computational point of view, this process can be seen as a transformation of one or more sets of values associated with a grid of cells into another set of such values through a function reflecting one or more criteria. While it is generally anticipated that different transformations lead to different ‘best’ locations, little has been known on how such differences arise (or do not arise). Examples of such spatial decision problems can be easily found in the literature and many of them concern the selection of a set of cells (to which the land use under consideration is allocated) from a raster surface of suitability or cost depending on context. To facilitate GIS’s algorithmic approach, it is often assumed that the quality of the set of cells can be evaluated as a whole by the sum of their cell values. The validity of this assumption must be questioned, however, if those values are measured on a scale that does not permit arithmetic operations. Ordinal scale of measurement in Stevens’s typology is one such example. A question naturally arises: is there a more mathematically sound and consistent approach to evaluating the quality of a path when the quality of each cell of the given grid is measured on an ordinal scale? The thesis attempts to answer the questions highlighted above in the context of path planning through a series of computational experiments using a number of random landscape grids with a variety of spatial and non-spatial structures. In the first set of experiments, we generated least-cost paths on a number of cost grids transformed from the landscape grids using a variety of transformation parameters and analyzed the locations and (weighted) lengths of those paths. Results show that the same pair of terminal cells may well be connected by different least-cost paths on different cost grids though derived from the same landscape grid and that the variation among those paths is affected by how given values are distributed in the landscape grid as well as by how derived values are distributed in the cost grids. Most significantly, the variation tends to be smaller when the landscape grid contains more distinct patches of cells potentially attracting or distracting cost-saving passage or when the cost grid contains a smaller number of low-cost cells. The second set of experiments aims to compare two optimization models, minisum and minimax (or maximin) path models, which aggregate the values of the cells associated with a path using the sum function and the maximum (or minimum) function, respectively. Results suggest that the minisum path model is effective if the path search can be translated into the conventional least-cost path problem, which aims to find a path with the minimum cost-weighted length between two terminuses on a ratio-scaled raster cost surface, but the minimax (or maximin) path model is mathematically sounder if the cost values are measured on an ordinal scale and practically useful if the problem is concerned not with the minimization of cost but with the maximization of some desirable condition such as suitability.

Abstract [sv]

Planerare som arbetar bland annat med att fatta beslut som hänsyftar till vissa lokaler använder ofta rasterbaserade geografiska informationssystem (GIS) för att sätta ett värde på marken med avseende på lämplighet eller kostnad för en viss användning. Ur en beräkningssynpunkt kan denna process ses som en transformation av en eller flera uppsättningar värden associerade med ett rutnät av celler till en annan uppsättning sådana värden genom en funktion som återspeglar ett eller flera kriterier. Medan det generellt förväntas att olika omvandlingar leder till olika "bästa" platser, har lite varit känt om hur sådana skillnader uppstår (eller inte uppstår). Exempel på sådana rumsliga beslutsproblem kan lätt hittas i litteraturen och många av dem handlar om valet av en uppsättning celler (som markanvändningen övervägs tilldelas) från en rasteryta av lämplighet eller kostnad beroende på kontext. För att underlätta GISs algoritmiska tillvägagångssätt antas det ofta att kvaliteten på uppsättningen av celler kan utvärderas som helhet genom summan av deras cellvärden. Giltigheten av detta antagande måste emellertid ifrågasättas om dessa värden mäts på en skala som inte tillåter aritmetiska transformationer. Användning av ordinal skala enligt Stevens typologi är ett exempel av detta. En fråga uppstår naturligt: Finns det ett mer matematiskt sunt och konsekvent tillvägagångssätt för att utvärdera kvaliteten på en rutt när kvaliteten på varje cell i det givna rutnätet mäts med ordinalskala? Avhandlingen försöker svara på ovanstående frågor i samband med ruttplanering genom en serie beräkningsexperiment med hjälp av ett antal slumpmässigt genererade landskapsnät med en rad olika rumsliga och icke-rumsliga strukturer. I den första uppsättningen experiment genererade vi minsta-kostnad rutter på ett antal kostnadsnät som transformerats från landskapsnätverket med hjälp av en mängd olika transformationsparametrar, och analyserade lägen och de (viktade) längderna för dessa rutter. Resultaten visar att samma par ändpunkter mycket väl kan vara sammanbundna med olika minsta-kostnad banor på olika kostnadsraster härledda från samma landskapsraster, och att variationen mellan dessa banor påverkas av hur givna värden fördelas i landskapsrastret såväl som av hur härledda värden fördelas i kostnadsrastret. Mest signifikant är att variationen tenderar att vara mindre när landskapsrastret innehåller mer distinkta grupper av celler som potentiellt lockar eller distraherar kostnadsbesparande passage, eller när kostnadsrastret innehåller ett mindre antal låg-kostnad celler. Den andra uppsättningen experiment syftar till att jämföra två optimeringsmodeller, minisum och minimax (eller maximin) sökmodeller, vilka sammanställer värdena för cellerna som är associerade med en sökväg med summanfunktionen respektive maximum (eller minimum) funktionen. Resultaten tyder på att minisumbanemodellen är effektiv om sökningen av sökvägen kan översättas till det konventionella minsta kostnadsproblemet, vilket syftar till att hitta en väg med den minsta kostnadsvägda längden mellan två terminaler på en ratio-skalad rasterkostyta, men minimax (eller maximin) banmodellen är matematiskt sundare om kostnadsvärdena mäts i ordinär skala och praktiskt användbar om problemet inte bara avser minimering av kostnad men samtidigt maximering av någon önskvärd egenskap såsom lämplighet.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2018. , p. 47
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 1822
Keywords [en]
Least-cost paths, Most-suitable paths, Raster cost surfaces, Raster suitability surfaces, Shortest path problem, Minimax path problem, Scales of measurement
Keywords [sv]
Minsta-kostnad rutter, Mest-lämpliga rutter, Raster kostnadsytor, Raster lämplighets ytor, kortaste vägen problem, Minimax väg problem, Mätskalor
National Category
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Research subject
Geodesy and Geoinformatics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235687ISBN: 978-91-7729-941-7 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-235687DiVA, id: diva2:1252675
Presentation
2018-10-26, L 1, Drottning Kristinas väg 30, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20181002

Available from: 2018-10-02 Created: 2018-10-02 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. A spatial and statistical analysis of the impact of transformation of raster cost surfaces on the variation of least-cost paths
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A spatial and statistical analysis of the impact of transformation of raster cost surfaces on the variation of least-cost paths
2018 (English)In: International Journal of Geographical Information Science, ISSN 1365-8816, E-ISSN 1365-8824, Vol. 32, no 11, p. 2169-2188Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Planners who are involved in locational decision-making often useraster-based geographic information systems to quantify the valueof land in terms of suitability or cost for a certain use. From acomputational point of view, this process can be seen as a transformationof one or more sets of values associated with a grid ofcells into another set of such values through a function reflectingone or more criteria. While it is generally anticipated that differenttransformations lead to different ‘best’ locations, little has beenknown on how such differences arise (or do not arise). The paperattempts to answer this question in the context of path planningthrough a series of computational experiments using a number ofrandom landscape grids with a variety of spatial and nonspatialstructures. In the experiments, we generated least-cost paths on anumber of cost grids transformed from the landscape grids usinga variety of transformation parameters and analyzed the locationsand (weighted) lengths of those paths. Results show that the samepair of terminal cells may well be connected by different least-costpaths on different cost grids though derived from the same landscapegrid and that the variation among those paths is affected byhow given values are distributed in the landscape grid as well asby how derived values are distributed in the cost grids. Mostsignificantly, the variation tends to be smaller when the landscapegrid contains more distinct patches of cells potentially attractingor distracting cost-saving passage or when the cost grid contains asmaller number of low-cost cells.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis Group, 2018
Keywords
Least-cost paths; raster cost surfaces; land evaluation; suitability analysis; spatial decision support
National Category
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Research subject
Geodesy and Geoinformatics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235673 (URN)10.1080/13658816.2018.1498504 (DOI)000443882300003 ()2-s2.0-85050559375 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20181002

Available from: 2018-10-02 Created: 2018-10-02 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
2. An Experimental Analysis of Least-Cost Path Models on Ordinal-Scaled Raster Surfaces
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An Experimental Analysis of Least-Cost Path Models on Ordinal-Scaled Raster Surfaces
2018 (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Selection of optimal paths from a grid of cells is one of the most basicfunctions of raster-based GIS. For this function to work, it is often assumedthat the optimality of a path can be evaluated by the sum of the weightedlengths of all its segments—weighted, i.e., by values of an attributecharacterizing each cell of the grid. The validity of this assumption must bequestioned, however, if the attribute is measured on a scale that does notpermit arithmetic operations. Through a series of computationalexperiments with artificial raster surfaces, this paper compares twomodels, minisum and minimax (or maximin) models, which aggregate a setof cell values associated with a path using the sum and maximum (orminimum) functions, respectively. Results suggest that the minisum modelis effective if the path search can be translated into the conventional leastcostpath problem, which aims to find a path with the minimum costweightedlength between two terminuses on a ratio-scaled raster costsurface, but the minimax (or maximin) model is mathematically sounder ifcost values are measured on an ordinal scale and practically useful if theproblem is concerned not with the minimization of cost but with themaximization of some desirable condition such as suitability.

Keywords
raster-based < Geographic Information Systems (GIS), graph theory, planning
National Category
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Research subject
Geodesy and Geoinformatics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235682 (URN)
Note

QC 20181002

Available from: 2018-10-02 Created: 2018-10-02 Last updated: 2024-03-15Bibliographically approved

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