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Cellulose-based water purification using paper filters modified with polyelectrolyte multilayers to remove bacteria from water through electrostatic interactions
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1656-1465
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6263-8403
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1812-7336
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3858-8324
2018 (English)In: Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, ISSN 2053-1400, E-ISSN 2053-1419Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Filtration is a common way to obtain pure drinking water by removing particles and microorganisms based on size exclusion. Cellulose-based filters are affordable and biobased option for the removal of particles but bacteria are usually too small to be removed by size exclusion alone. In this article, the surfaces of cellulose fibres in two types of commercial paper filters have been given a positive net charge to trap bacteria through electrostatic interactions without releasing any biocides. The fibres were modified with the cationic polyelectrolyte polyvinylamine polymer in single layers (1 L) or in multilayers together with the anionic polyelectrolyte polyacrylic acid (3 L or 5 L) using a water-based process at room temperature. Filtration tests show that all filters, using both types of filter papers and a number of layers, can physically remove more than 99.9% of E. coli from water and that the 3 L modified filters can remove more than 97% of cultivatable bacteria from natural water samples. The bacterial reduction increased with increasing number of filter sheets used for the filtration and the majority of the bacteria were trapped in the top sheets of the filter. The results show the potential for creating water purification filters from bio-based everyday consumable products with a simple modification process. The filters could be used in the future for point-of-use water purification that may be able to save lives without releasing bactericides.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2018.
Keywords [en]
Cellulose, water treatment, paper filter, membrane, filter, antibacterial, remove bacteria, layer-by-layer
Keywords [sv]
Cellulosa, pappersfilter, vattenrening, membran, lager-på-lager, antibakteriell
National Category
Water Treatment
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-238838DOI: 10.1039/C8EW00514AISI: 000451072500017Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85057384523OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-238838DiVA, id: diva2:1262642
Funder
ÅForsk (Ångpanneföreningen's Foundation for Research and Development), 17-391
Note

QC 20181112

Available from: 2018-11-12 Created: 2018-11-12 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Antimicrobial materials from cellulose using environmentally friendly techniques
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Antimicrobial materials from cellulose using environmentally friendly techniques
2018 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The transition to a more biobased society introduces both new opportunities and new challenges as we replace nonrenewable materials with renewable alternatives. One important challenge will be to control microbial growth on materials, both to protect the materials from biological degradation and to prevent the spread of infections and toxins that can cause illness.

In this thesis, both existing and new types of cellulose-based materials were treated with environmentally friendly alternatives to usual biocides to prevent microbial growth and remove bacteria from water. Two types of antimicrobial systems were studied, and the antimicrobial effects were evaluated for bacteria and fungi using both model organisms and wild-type cultures.

The first antimicrobial approach employed was a nonleaching and contact-active layer-by-layer adsorption of polyelectrolytes to provide the cellulose fibers with a cationic surface charge, which attracts and captures bacteria onto the fiber surface. The study showed that paper filters with pores much larger than bacteria could remove more than 99.9 % of E. coli from water when used in filtration mode. The polyelectrolyte-modified materials showed a good antibacterial effect but did not prevent fungal growth.

The second approach was to utilize biobased compounds with antimicrobial properties, which were applied to cellulose fiber foam materials. Chitosan and extractives from birch bark were selected as biobased options for antimicrobial agents. Two types of cellulose fiber foam materials were developed and evaluated for their antimicrobial properties.

This thesis shows the importance of understanding both the application and the targeted microorganism when selecting an environmentally friendly antimicrobial system for treating biobased materials. It highlights that a good understanding of both material science and microbiology is important when designing new antimicrobial materials.

Abstract [sv]

Satsningen på ett mer biobaserat samhälle, där vi ersätter icke-förnybara material med förnyelsebara alternativ, är en pusselbit för en mer hållbar framtid samtidigt som den medför nya utmaningar. En viktig uppgift är att minska och kontrollera mikrobiell tillväxt, både för att skydda material från biologisk nedbrytning men också för att förhindra spridning av infektioner och toxiner.

Cellulosabaserade material har behandlats med miljövänliga alternativ till traditionella biocider för att förhindra mikrobiell tillväxt och för ta bort bakterier från vatten. Två typer av antimikrobiella system har använts varefter den antimikrobiella effekten mot både mögel och bakterier utvärderats, med hjälp av både modellorganismer och mikrobiella odlingar från naturen.

Den första typen av antimikrobiell metod som använts baseras på en kontakt-aktivt teknik. Cellulosafibrer har modifierats genom lager-på-lager polyelektrolytadsorption för att skapa en positiv ytladdning som kan attrahera och binda bakterier till fiberytan. Studien visar att modifierade pappersfilter, med porer som är mycket större än bakterier, kan filtrera bort mer än 99,9 % av E. coli från kontaminerat vatten. De polyelektrolyt-modifierade cellulosamaterialen påvisade goda antibakteriella egenskaper men förhindrade inte tillväxt av mögel.

Den andra metoden som undersökts var att tillsätta biobaserade ämnen med antimikrobiella egenskaper till cellulosabaserade fiberskum. Kitosan och extraktivämnen från björkbark valdes ut som miljövänliga alternativ till vanliga biocider. Två typer av cellulosabaserade fiberskum har tagits fram och utvärderats för deras antimikrobiella egenskaper.

Avhandlingen visar hur viktigt det är att veta hur materialet är tänkt att användas och vilken typ av mikroorganism som skall undvikas när man väljer antimikrobiell behandling av biobaserade material. God förståelse för både materialvetenskap och mikrobiologi är nödvändig när nya biobaserade material med antimikrobiella egenskaper skall designas.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2018. p. 68
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2018:57
Keywords
Antibacterial, antifungal, cellulosic, mold, bacteria, biobased, bio-based, renewable, insulation, packaging, water treatment, water purification, paper filter, paper, membrane, Antibakteriell, fungicid, mögel, antimögel, pappersfilter, vattenrening, membran, papper, bakterier, cellulosa, förpackning, isolering, förnyelsebar, biobaserade, nya material
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology Water Treatment Microbiology
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-238843 (URN)978-91-7873-031-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2018-12-07, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, KTH Campus, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
ÅForsk (Ångpanneföreningen's Foundation for Research and Development), 17-391Swedish Research Council Formas, 2014-00959
Note

QC 20181114

Available from: 2018-11-14 Created: 2018-11-12 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved

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Ottenhall, AnnaHenschen, JonatanIllergård, JosefinEk, Monica

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