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Probability distributions of shotcrete parameters for reliability-based analyses of rock tunnel support
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8152-6092
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8375-581X
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5372-7519
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2019 (English)In: Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, ISSN 0886-7798, E-ISSN 1878-4364, Vol. 87, p. 15-26Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A common support measure for underground excavations in jointed rock masses to support loose blocks is to apply a thin shotcrete layer to the periphery of the excavation and systematically install rockbolts into the surrounding rock mass. In this support system, large blocks are carried by the rockbolts and small blocks are carried by the thin shotcrete layer. To verify the shotcrete layer's load-bearing capacity and to stringently account for the large uncertainties incorporated in the variables involved in determining its capacity, analytical calculations in combination with reliability-based methods can be used. However, a lack of knowledge exists regarding the magnitude and uncertainty of shotcrete characteristics (thickness, adhesion, flexural tensile strength, residual flexural tensile strength, and compressive strength), making it difficult to apply reliability-based methods. A statistical quantification of these characteristics is therefore important to facilitate reliability-based methods in design and verification of shotcrete support. In this paper, we illustrate how shotcrete support against small loose blocks can be viewed as a correlated conditional structural system and how this system can be analyzed using reliability-based methods. In addition, we present a unique amount of data for the aforementioned variables, which are all incorporated in the design and verification of a shotcrete layer's ability to sustain loads from small loose blocks. Based on the presented data, we statistically quantify and propose suitable probability distributions for each variable. Lastly, we illustrate how the proposed probability distributions can be used in the design process to calculate the probability of exceeding the shotcrete's load-bearing capacity. Both the probabilistic quantification and the defined correlated conditional structural system along with the illustrative calculation example are followed by a discussion of their implications.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2019. Vol. 87, p. 15-26
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-246439DOI: 10.1016/j.tust.2019.02.002ISI: 000462421100002Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85061199710OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-246439DiVA, id: diva2:1300634
Note

QC 20190329

Available from: 2019-03-29 Created: 2019-03-29 Last updated: 2025-02-07Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Reliability-based design of rock tunnel support
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Reliability-based design of rock tunnel support
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Since 2009, design of rock tunnels can be performed in accordance with the Eurocodes, which allows that different design methodologies are applied, such as design by calculation or design using the observational method. To account for uncertainties in design, the Eurocode states that design by calculation should primarily be performed using the partial factor method or reliability-based methods. The basic principle of both of these methods is that it shall be assured that a structure’s resisting capacity is larger than the load acting on the structure, with sufficiently high probability. Even if this might seem straightforward, the practical application of limit state design to rock tunnel support has only been studied to a limited extent.The overall aim of this project has been to develop reliability-based methods for environmental and economic optimization of rock tunnel support, with a special focus on shotcrete support. To achieve this, this thesis aims to: (1) assess the applicability of the partial factor method and reliability-based methods for design of shotcrete support, exclusively or in combination with the observational method, (2) quantify the magnitude and uncertainty of the shotcrete’s input parameters, and (3) assess the influence from spatial variability on shotcrete’s load-bearing capacity and judge the correctness of the assumption that the load-bearing capacity of the support is governed by the mean values of its input parameters.The thesis shows that the partial factor method is not suitable, and in some cases not applicable, to use in design of rock tunnel support. Instead, the thesis presents a reliability-based design methodology for shotcrete in rock tunnels with respect to loose blocks between rockbolts and a design methodology for shotcrete lining based on a combination of the observational method and reliability-based methods. The presented design methodologies enable optimization of the shotcrete support and shotcrete lining by stringently accounting for uncertainties related to input data throughout the design process. The thesis also discusses the limited knowledge that we as an industry sometimes have in our calculation models and the clarifications that should be made in future revisions of the Eurocode related to target reliability and the definition of failure.

Abstract [sv]

Sedan 2009 kan dimensionering av bergtunnlar utföras i enlighet med Eurokoderna, vilka tillåter att olika dimensioneringsmetoder tillämpas, såsom dimensionering genom beräkning eller dimensionering med observationsmetoden. För att ta hänsyn till osäkerheter föreskriver Eurokoderna att dimensionering genom beräkning primärt skall utföras med hjälp av partialkoefficientmetoden eller tillförlitlighetsbaserade metoder. Grundprincipen i båda dessa metoder är att det skall säkerställas att en konstruktions bärförmåga, med tillräckligt hög sannolikhet, är större än lasten som verkar mot konstruktionen. Även om detta kan förefalla enkelt så har den praktiska användningen av framförallt tillförlitlighetsbaserade metoder inom bergbyggande endast studerats i begränsad utsträckning.Målet med detta projekt har varit att utveckla tillförlitlighetsbaserade metoder för miljömässig och ekonomisk optimering av förstärkning i tunnlar med fokus på sprutbetongförstärkning. För att uppnå detta, syftar denna avhandling till att (1) utvärdera tillämpbarheten av partialkoefficient metoden och tillförlitlighetsbaserade metoder för dimensionering av sprutbetongförstärkning, (2) kvantifiera storleken och osäkerheten i sprutbetongförstärkningens indata parametrar och (3) utvärdera effekten från rumslig spridning på sprutbetongens bärförmåga.Avhandlingen visar att partialkoefficientmetoden inte är lämplig att använda vid dimensionering av förstärkning i tunnlar. En tillförlitlighetsbaserad dimensioneringsmetodik för sprutbetong med avseende på blockutfall mellan bultar samt en dimensioneringsmetodik för tunnel-lining av sprutbetong baserad på observationsmetoden och tillförlitlighetsbaserade metoder har utvecklats inom ramen av denna avhandling. De utvecklade metodikerna möjliggör optimering av förstärkning och tunnel-lining av sprutbetong genom att stringent ta hänsyn till osäkerheter kopplade till indata kontinuerligt genom hela designprocessen. Avhandlingen diskuterar även den begränsade kunskap vi har om våra beräkningsmodeller samt vilka förtydliganden som bör göras i framtida revideringar av Eurokoderna kopplade till riktvärden för kravställda brottsannolikheter och definitionen av brott.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2020. p. 61
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 208
Keywords
Rock engineering, reliability-based design, Eurocode 7, observational method, tunnel engineering, Bergmekanik, sannolikhetsbaserad dimensionering, Eurokod 7, observationsmetoden, tunnelbyggnad
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-272722 (URN)978-91-7873-522-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-05-28, Via Zoom - https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/490988607, Du som saknar dator/datorvana kan kontakta fredrik.johansson@byv.kth.se för information / Use the e-mail address if you need technical assistance, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20200506

Available from: 2020-05-06 Created: 2020-04-27 Last updated: 2025-02-07Bibliographically approved
2. Structural behaviour of shotcrete in hard rock tunnels
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Structural behaviour of shotcrete in hard rock tunnels
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Tunnels in hard and jointed rock are normally excavated in an arch shape to enable the rock mass to support its weight. Since the beginning of the 1980's, fibre reinforced shotcrete (FRS) in combination with rock bolts have been the dominating support method for hard rock tunnels. This type of rock support is a complex composite structure in which the structural behaviour depends on interaction between shotcrete, rock and bolts. The design is commonly based on a rock mass classification system in combination with analytical solutions or finite element (FE) modelling. However, the in-situ variations of important properties of the shotcrete are normally neglected.

The aim of this thesis is to describe and explain how the variations in shotcrete thickness and bond strength affect the structural behaviour and capacity for a shotcrete lining. Especially, the influence of local variations in shotcrete thickness and bond strength has been studied in detail. For this purpose, a numerical framework capable of simulating bond failure, cracking of FRS and pull-out failure of grouted rock bolts have been developed. Moreover, in-situ data for shotcrete thickness and bond strength have been collected and analysed to characterize  the variations in important shotcrete parameters.

The results in this thesis show that when shotcrete is subjected to shrinkage, local variations in shotcrete thickness affects the crack pattern. However, the number and width of the cracks are similar to the case with uniform thickness. Most importantly, a pattern of fine and narrow cracks develops in unreinforced shotcrete subjected to shrinkage when a continuous bond to the rock exists. When shotcrete is subjected to the load from a loose block, the force is transferred to the surrounding rock through bond stresses distributed over a narrow band. Simulations have shown that the structural capacity, with respect to bond failure, depends on the shotcrete thickness. Moreover, a strong linear correlation was found between the mean value of the bond strength and shotcrete thickness around the perimeter of the block and the structural capacity. Local weak areas, i.e. with low bond strength or thickness, may exist around the perimeter without having a significant effect on the structural capacity. Design of bolt-anchored shotcrete linings is based on failure modes previously derived from experimental testing. This thesis has contributed to an increased understanding of the failure mechanisms of the lining and has confirmed that the design can be based on individual failure mechanisms.

Abstract [sv]

Sedan borjan av 1980-talet har stalfiberarmerad sprutbetong i kombination med bergbultar varit den dominerande bergforstarkningen for tunnlar i hart berg. Den har typen av forstarkning ar en komplex samverkanskonstruktion vars strukturella beteende styrs av interaktionen mellan sprutbetong, berg och bult. Dimensioner­ingen baseras vanligtvis pa ett klassificeringssystem for bergmassan i kombination med analytiska losningar eller modeller baserade pa finita elementmetoden. I dessa fall bortser man oftast fran de i fa.It forekommande variationerna hos sprut­betongens viktiga egenskaper. Syftet med denna avhandling ar forklara och beskriva hur variationerna i sprut­betongens tjocklek och vidhaftning paverkar <let strukturella beteendet och bar­formagan hos bergforstarkningen. Framforallt har lokala variationer i sprutbeton­gens tjocklek och vidhaftning studerats. For att genomfora detta har ett numeriskt ramverk utvecklats som kan simulera uppsprickning av fiberarmerad sprutbetong, vidhaftningsbrott och utdrag av injekterade bergbultar. Dessutom har faltdata samlats in och analyserats for att karaktarisera fordelningen av viktiga sprutbe­tongegenskaper. Resultaten i den har avhandlingen visar att lokala variationer i sprutbetongens tjocklek paverkar sprickmonstret nar sprutbetongen krymper. Antalet sprickor och <less vidd ar liknande dem som uppstar nar tjockleken ar jamn. En viktig slutsats ar att ett manga sprickor med liten sprickvidd uppstar nar oarmerad sprutbetong med kontinuerlig vidhaftning till berget krymper. Nar sprutbetongen utsatts for lasten fran ett lost bergblock overfors lasten till den omkringliggande bergmas­san langs ett tunt band. Numeriska simuleringar har visat att barformagan med avseende pa vidhaftningsbrott beror pa sprutbetongens tjocklek. Dessutom visade simuleringarna att <let finns ett starkt linjart samband mellan medelvardet for sprutbetongens tjocklek och vidhaftningshallfasthet langs block­ets periferi och <less barformaga. Lokala ytor med liten tjocklek eller vidhaft­ningshallfasthet kan finnas runt periferin utan att paverka barformagan. Dimen­sioneringen av bultforankrad sprutbetong ar baserad pa brottmoder framtagna utifran experiment. Den har avhandlingen har bidragit med en okad forstaelse kring dessa brottmoder och visat att dimensioneringen bar baseras pa individuella brottmoder.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2020. p. 78
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 209
Keywords
shotcrete, structural behaviour, material models, rock support, bond strength, fibre-reinforcement
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Concrete Structures
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-273010 (URN)978-91-7873-498-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-06-04, Registrera dig här: https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_Bp8dzpcbQMKNNOGyj51R2g, Du som saknar dator/datorvana kan kontakta thoyra@kth.se för information / Use the e-mail address if you need technical assistance, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Rock Engineering Research Foundation (BeFo), 379
Note

QC 20200513

Not duplicate with DiVA 1591262

Available from: 2020-05-13 Created: 2020-05-12 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved

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Bjureland, WilliamJohansson, FredrikSjölander, AndreasSpross, JohanLarsson, Stefan

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