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Contribution of travelling wave propagation time to the speed of optical link protections in multi-terminal high-voltage DC systems
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electric Power and Energy Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1558-2539
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electric Power and Energy Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8565-4753
2019 (English)In: IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, ISSN 1751-8687, E-ISSN 1751-8695, Vol. 13, no 14, p. 3078-3085Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

During faults in multi-terminal high-voltage DC systems, the disturbance will quickly become evident throughout the entire system. If DC breakers are included in such systems, the entire fault clearing process needs to occur within a few milliseconds. Therefore, DC line protection schemes based on telecommunication have previously been discarded by some authors as their performance is constrained by the communication delay. However, telecommunication-based detection methods offer some very favourable features, one being that selectivity can be achieved without coordination of settings. In this study, several telecommunication-based protection schemes are evaluated with regards to their minimum possible detection time when considering telecommunication delay. It is shown that they perform best during faults located at the remote end of a line, i.e. fault locations that are difficult to reliably detect using single-ended methods. Therefore, it is reasonable that the most reliable protection system will consist of both single-ended and communication-based methods because they complement each other well. Furthermore, it is shown that the travelling wave differential protection offers the shortest theoretical detection time due to the wave propagation delay being included in the formulation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2019. Vol. 13, no 14, p. 3078-3085
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-255739DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2019.0344ISI: 000476558800019Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85069442033OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-255739DiVA, id: diva2:1342336
Note

QC 20190813

Available from: 2019-08-13 Created: 2019-08-13 Last updated: 2022-10-04Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Multi-terminal HVDC protections based on transient line modeling
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multi-terminal HVDC protections based on transient line modeling
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

High voltage direct current (HVDC) is considered one of the critical technologies required for the power system to enable the transition toward renewables. With an increasing geographical density of HVDC converters, there is a potential for optimization by connecting more than two converters into a shared DC transmission system, thus forming a multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) system.

Larger MTDC systems are expected to require HVDC circuit breakers, thereby allowing disconnection of system subsections in case of faults rather than a complete shutdown of all converters. Thus, the protection system in MTDC systems with DC breakers differs from a conventional point-to-point system, as differentiation between DC faults is required to ensure that only the minimum subsection of the system is disconnected in the event of a fault. The main topic of this thesis is to achieve reliable detection of DC line faults (i.e., underground/submarine cables or overhead lines) in MTDC systems.

In this thesis, two different methods are proposed. The first is based solely on locally obtained measurements, thus requiring a reactor at the opposite end to provide a boundary of the protection zone. The method extracts the incident traveling wave using time-domain modeling techniques to represent the frequency-dependent characteristic admittance, thereby making it independent of line terminal reflections. Differentiation between internal and external faults is achieved by determining the steepness of the incident wave-front.

The second method, traveling wave differential protection, requires telecommunication between the two ends of a line, thereby not requiring a reactor to differentiate between internal and external faults. The method is based on a differential calculation of traveling waves obtained from voltages and currents at both ends and the frequency-dependent representations of the characteristic admittance and propagation function. Compared with other telecommunication-based methods, it is found that the method can operate faster because of the included wave propagation time in the differential calculation. 

The traveling wave differential protection relies on the transmission line parameters to accurately calculate and compare the traveling waves at both ends of a line. Thus, parameter errors will result in a false non-zero differential current during external disturbances, potentially causing false operation and reducing reliability. Therefore, the method's sensitivity was evaluated in a cable application using a procedure to automatically generate cable models with parameter variations and perform a transient simulation of an external fault. It was found that the propagation time used for synchronizing the waves in the differential calculation was the most critical parameter. Therefore, a method was developed to minimize any time-shift errors that otherwise would result in a false differential current. 

Abstract [sv]

Högspänd likström (HVDC) anses vara en de nödvändiga teknologier som kommer krävas för att existerande elkraftsystem skall klara övergången till förnybara energikällor. När flera HVDC-omriktare byggs inom samma geografiska område finns det möjligheter för optimering genom att ansluta fler än två omriktare till ett gemensamt likströmssystem, ett högspännings-likströmsnät.

För att bygga större likströmsnät så kommer det förmodligen krävas likströmsbrytare för att möjliggöra felbortkoppling utan att behöva frånkoppla samtliga omriktare vid nätfel. Skyddssystemet i likströmsnät med likströms-brytare skiljer sig från typiska HVDC överföringar eftersom skydden måste särskilja mellan olika DC-fel och därmed säkerställa att endast den minsta möjliga felbehäftade delen kopplas bort. Denna avhandling handlar om att uppnå en tillförlitlig detektering av DC-ledningsfel (d.v.s. underjordiska kablar, sjökablar eller luftledningar) i likströmsnät.

I avhandlingen presenteras det två olika detektionsmetoder. Den första metoden är enbart baserad på lokala mätningar, vilket kräver en spole i den motsatta änden för att avgränsa skyddszonen. Detektionsmetoden beräknar den infallande vandringsvågen via metoder för att representera den frekvensberoende karakteristiska admittansen utvecklade för tidsdomänsimuleringar. Genom att endast använda den infallande vandringsvågen är metoden oberoende av reflektioner vid ledningsänden. För att skilja mellan interna och externa fel i framåtriktningen används brantheten av den infallande vågfronten.

Den andra metoden, ett vandringsvågsdifferentialskydd, använder telekommunikation mellan de två sidorna av en ledning, och behöver därför inte en spole för att avgränsa skyddszonen. Metoden är baserad på en beräkning av skillnaden mellan vandringsvågor, beräknade av spänningar och strömmar på båda sidorna av ledningen tillsammans med den karakteristiska admittansen och ledningens utbredningsfunktion. I förhållande till andra telekommunikationsbaserade metoder visar det sig att metoden kan detektera fel snabbare eftersom differentialberäkningen inkluderar vågens utbredningstid. 

Vandringsvågsdifferentialskyddet använder transmissionsledningens parametrar för att beräkna och jämföra vandringsvågor i båda ändarna av en ledning. Detta medför att eventuella parameterfel kan resultera i en falsk differentialström som inte är noll under externa störningar, vilket potentiellt kan orsaka felaktig funktion och därmed minska tillförlitligheten. Av denna anledning har metodens känslighet utvärderats i en känslighetsstudie för en kabel. Studien använde en metod som automatiskt genererade olika kabelmodeller med parametervariationer för att sedan utföra simuleringar av ett externt fel. Det visade sig att utbredningstiden, som används för att synkronisera vågorna i skillnadsberäkningen, var den mest kritiska parametern. Som följd av denna slutsats utvecklades en metod för att minimera eventuella tidsförskjutningsfel, som annars skulle resultera i en falsk differentialström.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2022:60
Keywords
HVDC transmission, HVDC protection, traveling wave protection, MTDC protection
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-319510 (URN)978-91-8040-363-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-10-28, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/68496670065, H1, Teknikringen 33, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Note

QC 20221006

Available from: 2022-10-06 Created: 2022-10-04 Last updated: 2022-10-07Bibliographically approved

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Johannesson, NiclasNorrga, Staffan

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