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Electro-Responsive Surface Composition and Kinetics of an Ionic Liquid in a Polar Oil
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science. Attana AB, Stockholm, SE-11419, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2773-3573
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Surface and Corrosion Science. Attana AB, Stockholm, SE-11419, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9197-4676
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry. KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.). (System and Component Design)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3393-7257
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry. KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Machine Design (Dept.). (System and Component Design)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9403-9368
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2019 (English)In: Langmuir, ISSN 0743-7463, E-ISSN 1520-5827, Vol. 35, no 48, p. 15692-15700Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has been used to study how the interfacial layer of an ionic liquid dissolved in a polar oil at low weight percentages responds to changes in applied potential. The changes in surface composition at the QCM gold surface depend on both the magnitude and sign of the applied potential. The time-resolved response indicates that the relaxation kinetics are limited by the diffusion of ions in the interfacial region and not in the bulk, since there is no concentration dependence. The measured mass changes cannot be explained only in terms of simple ion exchange; the relative molecular volumes of the ions and the density changes in response to ion exclusion must be considered. The relaxation behavior of the potential between the electrodes upon disconnecting the applied potential is more complex than that observed for pure ionic liquids, but a measure of the surface charge can be extracted from the exponential decay when the rapid initial potential drop is accounted for. The adsorbed film at the gold surface consists predominantly of ionic liquid despite the low concentration, which is unsurprising given the surtactant-like structures of (some of) the ionic liquid ions. Changes in response to potential correspond to changes in the relative numbers of cations and anions, rather than a change in the oil composition. No evidence for an electric field induced change in viscosity is observed. This work shows conclusively that electric potentials can be used to control the surface composition, even in an oil-based system, and paves the way for other ion solvent studies.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS), 2019. Vol. 35, no 48, p. 15692-15700
Keywords [en]
Double-Layer, Antiwear Performance, Friction, Nanotribology, Interface, Additives, Solvents, Nanostructure, Capacitance, Lubricants
National Category
Chemical Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-266194DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02119ISI: 000500838500027PubMedID: 31581771Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85073873461OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-266194DiVA, id: diva2:1384951
Note

QC 2020013

Available from: 2020-01-13 Created: 2020-01-13 Last updated: 2024-04-02Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Ionic lubricants: Molecular features and surface protection mechanisms
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Ionic lubricants: Molecular features and surface protection mechanisms
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In this thesis ionic liquids (ILs) are investigated as prospective candidates for lubrication. Three custom synthesized phosphonium orthoborate type ILs were extensively studied from the prospective of molecular structuring both in bulk and at the interface and from the prospective of their lubricating performance as neat lubricants and as additives in oils. A wide selection of contact geometries and surface finishes has been utilized to broaden the applicability of the achieved results. Tribological performance of orthoborate ILs when used as additives in oils was additionally benchmarked against two commercial ILs - phosphonium phosphate, phosphonium phosphinate.

Studies on the bulk molecular mobility in the orthoborate ILs performed by means of Pulsed Field Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (PFG NMR) clearly showed that the distinct molecular organisation in these systems depends on the chemical structure of orthoborate anion. These results demonstrated a clear correlation with tests of the tribological performance of neat orthoborate ILs, where friction reduction, wear protection and particularities of surface interactions were shown to be clearly defined by anion chemistry. Moreover, this finding was further proven to be relevant when using ILs as additives in oils. A comparison of tribological performance of orthoborate ILs with phosphinate and phosphate ILs showed that a change in anion structure could basically revert the tribological performance of oil solution: from lower to higher friction and wear when compared to the neat oil lubricity.

One of the orthoborate ILs - trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(mandelato)borate (PBMB) – was selected for a thorough study when used as a sacrificial oil additive. A joint PFG NMR and Quartz Crystall Microbalance (QCM) study demonstrated the build-up of a PBMB rich film on a electrically charged surface. This provided an experimental prove for the possibility of electrostatically driven physisorption of ILs. Tribological tests performed on the same oil composition demonstrated that PBMB when reaching the surface triggered tribochemical reactions and formation of a surface protective tribofilm. 

Phosphonium orthoborate ILs demonstrated an outstanding performance (decreasing wear by up to 92% and friction by up to 50%) in lubricated mechanical contacts, both when used as neat lubricants and when used as additives. These results are based on an extensive study employing a wide variation in contact geometries, surface finish and motion type. The details of such performance are investigated through an extensive surface analysis and further linked to the chemical structure of the anion.

Abstract [sv]

I denna avhandling studerades jonvätskor som potentiella kandidater som smörj-medel. Tre fosfoniumortoborat jonvätskor studerades avseende molekylära strukturen och prestationen vid kontaktsmörjning. Den molekylära strukturstudien fokuserade på aspekter av bulk såväl som gränssnitt. Smörjningsstudierna utfördes för både ren jonvätskor och jonvätskor som används som tillsatser till oljor. Ett brett utbud av kontaktgeometri och yttopografi metoder användes för att underlätta tolkningen av de erhållna resultaten. Två kommersiellt tillgängliga jonvätskor (fosfoniumfosfat och fosfoniumfosfinat) användes för att utvärdera den tribologiska prestationen av jonvätskor som tillsats till oljor. 

Den molekylära rörligheten studerades med hjälp av Kärnmagnetisk resonans diffusometri. Dessa studier visade tydligt att den distinkta molekylära organisationen var beroende av den kemiska strukturen av ortoboratanjon. Ett liknande samband mellan jonkemi noterades  i tester av den tribologiska prestation av ortoborat jontvätskor när det gäller friktionsreduktion, slitageskydd och ytinteraktioner. Dessa resultat var också relevanta för jonvätskor som används som tillsatser i oljor. Testning av tribologiska prestation hos ortoborater tillsammans med fosfinat- och fosfat-jonvätskor visade att en förändring i anjonstrukturen kan återställa den tribologiska prestation av en oljelösning: från lägre till högre friktion och slitage jämfört med den ursprungliga smörjförmågan. 

En av ortoborat jonvätskor, trihexyltetradecylfosfonium bis(mandelato)borat (PBMB) valdes ut för en djupare analys. Kombinationen av PFG NMR och Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) experimentella metoder visade möjligheten att en PBMB-rik film byggdes upp på toppen av laddade ytor. Således etablerades möjligheten till elektrostatiskt driven fysisorption av jonvätskor experimentellt. Ytterligare tribologiska tester utförda på smörjoljor med tillsatt PBMB indikerade att yt-PBMB deltog i tribokemiska reaktioner och skapade en slitageskyddande tribofilm. 

Fosfoniumortoborat jonvätskor visade en enastående prestation vid smörjning av mekaniska kontakter både som ett rent smörjmedel eller som tillsatser: de minskade slitaget med upp till 92% och friktionen med 50%. Resultat erhölls från en stor studie där flera olika kontaktförhållanden uppnåddes genom variation av yttopografi och genom olika mekaniska arrangemang av den experimentella uppsättningen av tribotesten. De bakomliggande orsakerna till sådana prestandaförändringar undersöktes genom en omfattande ytanalys och kopplades vidare till anjonens kemiska struktur. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 68
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2022:19
Keywords
ionic liquid, lubrication technology, tribology, boundary lubrication, tribofilm, friction, wear, physico-chemical interaction, diffusion NMR, jonisk vätska, smörjteknik, tribologi, gränsskiktssmörjning, tribofilm, friktion, slitage, fysikalisk-kemisk interaktion, NMR diffusometri
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Other Materials Engineering
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312154 (URN)978-91-8040-273-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-06-10, D2 / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65562657596, Lindstedtsvägen 5, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, 2012.0078Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, EM16-0013
Available from: 2022-05-17 Created: 2022-05-16 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved

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Hjalmarsson, NicklasBergendal, ErikWang, Yong-LeiMunavirov, BulatGlavatskih, SergeiFuro, IstvanRutland, Mark W.

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