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Stability investigation of a cryo soft x-ray microscope by fiber interferometry
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3717-7307
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0535-3708
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2723-6622
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4394-0591
2020 (English)In: Review of Scientific Instruments, ISSN 0034-6748, E-ISSN 1089-7623, Vol. 91, no 2, article id 023701Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We present a stability investigation of the Stockholm laboratory cryo soft x-ray microscope. The microscope operates at a wavelength of 2.48 nm and can image biological samples at liquid-nitrogen temperatures in order to mitigate radiation damage. We measured the stability of the two most critical components, sample holder and optics holder, in vacuo and at cryo temperatures at both short and long time scales with a fiber interferometer. Results revealed vibrations in the kHz range, originating mainly from a turbo pump, as well as long term drifts in connection with temperature fluctuations. With improvements in the microscope, earlier stability issues vanished and close-to diffraction-limited imaging could be achieved. Moreover, our investigation shows that fiber interferometers are a powerful tool in order to investigate position-sensitive setups at the nanometer level.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Institute of Physics (AIP), 2020. Vol. 91, no 2, article id 023701
National Category
Physical Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-271501DOI: 10.1063/1.5138369ISI: 000519231100001PubMedID: 32113420Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85079089509OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-271501DiVA, id: diva2:1426867
Note

QC 20200428

Available from: 2020-04-28 Created: 2020-04-28 Last updated: 2025-01-03Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Biological Laboratory X-Ray Microscopy
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Biological Laboratory X-Ray Microscopy
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Soft x-ray microscopy in the water window (𝜆 ≈ 2.3 − 4.3 nm) is a powerful technique for high-resolution biological imaging. The strong natural contrast between carbon-based structures and water allows visualization of hydrated and unstained samples, while providing enough transmission through up to ∼ 10 μm of organic matter. Furthermore, the full potential of this technique can be exploited by performing computed tomography, thus obtaining a complete 3D image of the object.

Routine short-exposure water-window microscopy of whole cells and tissue is currently performed at synchrotron-radiation facilities around the world, but with a limited accessibility to the wider research community. For this reason, laboratory-based systems have been developed, which are now reaching maturity. The benefits compared to the synchrotron-based instruments include easier integration with complementary methods in the home laboratory, in addition to the increased access that allows for the often time-consuming optimization of experimental parameters as well as longitudinal studies.

This Thesis presents recent developments of the Stockholm laboratory x-ray microscope as well as several biological applications. Work has been done on improving the mechanical and thermal stability of the microscope, resulting in a resolution of 25 nm (half period) in images of test targets. The biological applications were enabled by a significantly increased x-ray flux through the system as well as an improved operational stability. This work demonstrates 10-second exposure imaging of whole cryofixed cells, imaging of viral infections in cells, and 20 minutes total exposure cryotomography.

Abstract [sv]

Röntgenmikroskopi i vattenfönstret (𝜆 ≈ 2.3−4.3 nm) är en kraftfull metodför högupplöst biologisk avbildning. Den naturligt höga kontrasten mellankolbaserade strukturer och vatten möjliggör visualisering av prover i ettnästintill opåverkat tillstånd, och ger samtidigt tillräcklig transmission genomupp till ∼ 10 μm organisk materia. Teknikens fulla potential utnyttjasvidare genom datortomografi, vilket resulterar i en fullständig 3D-bild avobjektet.Röntgenmikroskopi i vattenfönstret, av celler och vävnad och med kortexponeringstid, utförs rutinmässigt vid synkrotronljuskällor runt om i världen,men med begränsad tillgänglighet för forskarsamfundet. Av den anledningenhar laboratoriebaserade system utvecklats, vilka nu börjar nåmognad. Fördelarna jämfört med synkrotronbaserade instrument består avenklare integrering av komplementära laboratoriemetoder, utöver den utökadetillgängligheten som tillåter tidskrävande optimering av experimentellaparametrar såväl som longitudinella studier.Denna avhandling beskriver nyligen utfört arbete för att förbättra detkompakta mjukröntgenmikroskopet i Stockholm, samt flera biologiskatillämpningar. Arbete har gjorts för att förbättra mikroskopets mekaniskaoch termiska stabilitet, vilket har resulterat i 25 nm upplösning (halvperiod) i bilder av teststrukturer. De biologiska tillämpningarna harmöjliggjorts av en markant ökad röntgenintensitet vid provet, såväl somförbättrad driftsstabilitet. Resultaten som presenteras består, bland annat,av avbildning av kryofixerade hela celler med 10-sekundersexponeringar,avbildning av virusinfektioner i celler och kryotomografi med 20 minuterstotal exponeringtid.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2020. p. 72
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2020:11
Keywords
x-ray microscopy, laboratory x-ray microscopy, water window, biological, cell imaging, virus
National Category
Physical Sciences
Research subject
Physics, Biological and Biomedical Physics; Physics, Optics and Photonics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-273716 (URN)978-91-7873-555-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-08-21, FD5 eller via zoom https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67488319526, Du som saknar dator/datorvana kan kontakta Thomas Frisk, tfrisk@kth.se för information, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2020-05-25 Created: 2020-05-25 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
2. Laboratory Soft X-Ray Microscopy for Biological Imaging
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Laboratory Soft X-Ray Microscopy for Biological Imaging
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Soft x-ray microscopy within the water window is a powerful technique for high-resolution biological imaging due to its capability to image whole, intact cells (approximately 10 μm thick) in their near-native cellular environment. The short wavelength of water-window radiation (λ = 2.3 − 4.4 nm, E = 284−540 eV) used in this imaging technique provides high natural contrast for cellular imaging due to the significant difference in soft x-ray attenuation lengths between organic materials, such as proteins and lipids (i.e., carbon), and water (i.e., oxygen). In addition to the high imaging contrast, the high penetration of soft x-rays eliminates the need for laborious sample preparation, including sectioning, chemical fixation, heavy-metal staining, and fluorescence labeling. The majority of soft x-ray microscopes are operated using synchrotron radiation sources, as they require x-ray sources with high spectral brightness, which limits accessibility. To complement these synchrotron-based instruments, we develop a laboratory-based soft x-ray microscope as alternative system for biological imaging. Motivated by this background, this thesis presents the development of laboratory soft x-ray microscopy focused on improving image resolution and optimizing sample preparation. The resolution has been improved to 25 nm(half-period) through vibration analysis and mitigation. Sample preparation optimization was achieved by controlling the ice thickness during devitrification process, applied to both manual plunge-freezing and automated systems, allowing for the preservation of cellular structures and improved image quality. These developments have enabled the establishment of methodology for investigating nanoparticle interactions in-vitro and in-vivo, relying solely on x-ray imaging. These advancements have enabled the investigation of uptake and dynamics of nanoparticles in organelles. Moreover, the applications extend beyond bio-nano interactions; they have also facilitated quantitative studies in viral infections of giant DNA viruses.

Abstract [sv]

Mjukröntgenmikroskopi inom vattenfönstret är en kraftfull teknik för hög-upplöst biologisk avbildning tack vare dess förmåga att avbilda hela, intakta celler (ungefär 10 μm tjocka) i deras nära naturliga cellulära miljö. Den korta våglängden hos strålning i vattenfönstret (λ = 2.3–4.4 nm, E = 284–540 eV) som används i denna avbildningsteknik ger hög naturlig kontrast för cellulär avbildning, tack vare den betydande skillnaden i mjukröntgens absorptionslängd mellan organiska material, såsom proteiner och lipider (dvs. kol), och vatten (dvs. syre). Förutom den höga bildkontrasten eliminerar den höga penetrationen av mjukröntgen behovet av tidskrävande provberedning, inklusive sektionering, kemisk fixering, tungmetallfärgning och fluorescensmärkning. De flesta mjukröntgenmikroskop finns hos synkrotronstrålningskällor eftersom de kräver röntgenkällor med hög spektral ljusstyrka, vilket begränsar tillgängligheten. För att komplettera dessa synkrotronbaserade instrument utvecklar vi ett laboratoriebaserat mjukröntgenmikros-kop som ett alternativt system för biologisk avbildning. Motiverad av denna bakgrund presenterar denna avhandling utvecklingen av laboratoriebaserad mjukröntgenmikroskopi med fokus på att förbät-tra bildupplösningen och optimera provberedningen. Upplösningen har förbättrats till 25 nm (halvperiod) genom vibrationsanalys och dämpning. Optimering av provberedning uppnåddes genom att kontrollera istjockleken under vitrifieringsprocessen, tillämpad både vid manuell snabbfrysning och automatiserade system, vilket möjliggjorde bevarandet av cellstrukturer och förbättrad bildkvalitet. Dessa utvecklingar har möjliggjort etableringen av en metodik för att undersöka nanopartikelinteraktioner in vitro och in vivo, enbart med hjälp av röntgenavbildning. Framstegen har också möjliggjort undersökning av upptag och dynamik av nanopartiklar i organeller. Dessutom sträcker sig tillämpningarna bortom bio-nano-interaktioner; de har också underlättat kvantitativa studier av virusinfektioner med gigantisk DNA-virus.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 45
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2024:61
Keywords
soft x-rays, water window, microscopy, cellular imaging
National Category
Physical Sciences Biological Sciences Biomedical Laboratory Science/Technology
Research subject
Biological Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-358040 (URN)978-91-8106-159-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-01-17, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 6, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2025-01-03

Available from: 2025-01-03 Created: 2025-01-03 Last updated: 2025-02-12Bibliographically approved

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