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Recovery of organic carbon from municipal waste streams
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering. (Resource Recovery Division)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3388-9059
2020 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The focus of the current study was on the recovery of carbon from municipal bio-waste streams. Firstly, the relationship between methanogenic pathways and the properties of anaerobic granules was studied using two pilot-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors with different granule size distribution. UASB1 granules were larger (3-4 mm) with multi-layered internal structure and the archaeal community was dominated by acetoclastic methanogens, while the UASB2 granules were smaller (1-2 mm) without a layered internal structure and the archaeal community was predominated by hydrogenotrophic methanogens. The acetoclastic methanogenic activities of UASB1 (250-437 mL CH4/g VS·d) than UASB2 (150-260 mL CH4/g VS·d), confirming that acetoclastic methanogenesis was more dominant in UASB1. Temperature increase from 20oC to 28oC did not change the microbial community but resulted in increased and stable biogas production for both reactors. There was an increase in chemical oxygen demand (COD) with hydraulic retention time due to increased contact time.

The second part of the study focused on anaerobic co-digestion to produce volatile fatty acid (VFA) due to its higher value. The impact of substrate ratio of primary sludge (PS) and external organic waste (OW) and the robustness of the VFA system in the long term were assessed. Lab-scale batch study with different proportions of PS and OW; 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of OW in terms of COD and scaled up in a semi-continuous pilot reactor with substrate ratio of 50% OW based on the results of the lab-scale study were performed. There was an increase in VFA production with an increase in OW proportion due to the availability of biodegradable organics. Acetic acid was the most dominant VFA in the batch reactors while in the semi-continuous experiment, caproic acid was dominated (50%). As carbon sources, the VFA-rich liquid attained the highest specific denitrification rate when compared with acetate and methanol.

Abstract [sv]

I kommunala avfallsströmmar finns det en stor potential för resursåtervinning på grund av det höga organiska innehållet vilket kan användas för biobaserade produkter. På grundval av detta så fokuserar denna studie på resursåtervinningen av kol från kommunala avfallsströmmar genom att undersöka nuvarande och nytillkomna tekniker för att få vattenreningssystem att också bli resursåtervinningssystem. Första delen av studien undersöker relationen mellan metanproduktion och karaktäriseringen av anaerobiska granuler med ändamålet att förbättra energiproduktionen genom direkt behandling av kommunalt avloppsvatten. För detta ändamål så användes två UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) pilotreaktorer. Reaktorerna kördes med olika stora granuler, olika temperaturinställningar och olika hydrauliska uppehållstider (HRTs). Storlek, mikrobiell struktur, intern mikrostruktur och specifik metanogenaktivitet av de anaerobiska granulerna analyserades. Granulerna i UASB1 var 3-4 mm stora med interna multilager av mikrostrukturer som bestod av acetoklastika-metanogen arkéer. Granulerna i UASB2 var 1- 2 mm stora utan interna multilager och bestod av hydrogenotrofa metanogener. Aktiviteten i granulerna i UASB1 var 250-437 mL CH4 /g VS·d och i UASB2 var det 150-260 mL CH4 /g VS·d, vilket bekräftar att de acetoklastisk-metanogesa var mer effektiva i UASB1 än de hydrogenotrofa i UASB2. Att öka temperaturen från 20 o C till 28 o C under försöket medförde ingen förändring av den mikrobiologiska strukturen, men gav en ökning i biogasproduktion i UASB1 och högre och stabilare biogasproduktionshastighet i UASB2. Ökningen av biogasproduktion berodde på en reduktion i metans löslighet i utflödet och stabilare metanogenes. Ökning i HRT resulterade i större reduktion av organiskt material mätt som kemisk syreförbrukning (COD) och större biogasproduktion på grund av längre kontakttid mellan substrat och mikroorganismer. Den andra delen av studien fokuserar på att utveckla ett tillvägagångssätt att få en anaerob rötning att producera flyktiga fettsyror (VFA) istället för biogas. Studien fokuserar på effekten som kvoten mellan substraten primärslam och externt matavfall (OW) har och hur robust VFA-systemet skulle vara i stor skala på lång sikt. Olika kvoter av primärslam och matavfall testades i labbskala i batchstudier med 0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 % och 100 % COD OW. Baserat på resultaten från labbskala så kördes 50% COD OW i ett semi-kontinuerligt pilotförsök. Batch-testerna i labbskala visade att högre % COD OW, gav högre VFA produktion på grund av högre koncentration av organiskt material. Ättiksyra var den mest förekommande VFAn i batch-testerna medan kapronsyra var högst förekommande (50%) i det semi-kontinuerliga försöket. Denitrifikationsförsök visade att VFA-rik vätska från pilotskalareaktorerna gav den högsta specifika denitrifikationshastigheten i jämförelse med acetat och metanol. Resultaten visar att värdefulla kolkällor kan återvinnas från kommunalt avfall genom anaerob behandling av kommunalt avloppsvatten och samfermentering av primärslam och matavfall.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2020. , p. 44
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2020:23
Keywords [en]
Biogas, Volatile fatty acid, Anaerobic granules, Co-digestion, Municipal waste
National Category
Chemical Engineering
Research subject
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-260305ISBN: 978-91-7873-516-7 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-260305DiVA, id: diva2:1440114
Presentation
2020-08-19, https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_yT62Az7IQ0SHQVwsaKgrcw, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2020-06-15

Available from: 2020-06-15 Created: 2020-06-12 Last updated: 2022-09-13Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. The study of structure of anaerobic granules and methane producing pathways of pilot-scale UASB reactors treating municipal wastewater under sub-mesophilic conditions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The study of structure of anaerobic granules and methane producing pathways of pilot-scale UASB reactors treating municipal wastewater under sub-mesophilic conditions
2019 (English)In: Bioresource Technology, ISSN 0960-8524, E-ISSN 1873-2976, Vol. 290, article id 121733Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between the methane producing pathways and the characteristics of anaerobic granules treating municipal wastewater. For this purpose, two pilot scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors with different granule size distribution (1-2 mm and 3-4 mm) were investigated at operating temperatures of 20 degrees C and 28 degrees C for 239 days. There was an increased and stable biogas production when temperature was elevated to 28 degrees C likely due to reduction in methane solubility. Larger granules had multi-layered internal microstructures with higher acetoclastic methanogenic activities (250-437 mL CH(4)g(-1) VS d(-1)) than smaller granules (150-260 mL CH(4)g(-1) VS d(-1)). The relative abundance of acetoclastic methanogens of larger granules was higher, confirming acetoclastic methane producing pathway was more prominent. However, there was no significant difference in the performance of the two reactors because they were operating below their capacities in terms of organic loading rate to volatile solids ratio.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2019
Keywords
Anaerobic granules, Methanogenesis, Municipal wastewater, Microbial community, UASB
National Category
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-260303 (URN)10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121733 (DOI)000478685000004 ()31301569 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85068510896 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20191015

Available from: 2019-09-26 Created: 2019-09-26 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved
2. Bio-based volatile fatty acid production and recovery from waste streams: Current status and future challenges
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Bio-based volatile fatty acid production and recovery from waste streams: Current status and future challenges
2018 (English)In: Bioresource Technology, ISSN 0960-8524, E-ISSN 1873-2976, Vol. 268, p. 773-786Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Bio-based volatile fatty acid (VFA) production from waste-stream is getting attention due to increasing market demand and wide range usage area as well as its cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach. The aim of this paper is to give a comprehensive review of bio-based VFA production and recovery methods and to give an opinion on future research outlook. Effects of operation conditions including pH, temperature, retention time, type of substrate and mixed microbial cultures on VFA production and composition were reviewed. The recovery methods in terms of gas stripping with absorption, adsorption, solvent extraction, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, and membrane contractor of VFA were evaluated. Furthermore, strategies to enhance bio-based VFA production and recovery from waste streams, specifically, in-line VFA recovery and bioaugmentation, which are currently not used in common practice, are seen as some of the approaches to enhance bio-based VFA production.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2018
Keywords
Bio-based production, Recovery, Volatile fatty acid, Waste streams
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-233005 (URN)10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.042 (DOI)000445043600093 ()30030049 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85049922731 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20180820

Available from: 2018-08-08 Created: 2018-08-08 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved
3. Production of volatile fatty acids through co-digestion of sewage sludge and external organic waste: Effect of substrate proportions and long-term operation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Production of volatile fatty acids through co-digestion of sewage sludge and external organic waste: Effect of substrate proportions and long-term operation
2020 (English)In: Waste Management, ISSN 0956-053X, E-ISSN 1879-2456, Vol. 112, p. 30-39Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) are intermediates of anaerobic digestion with high value and wide range ofusage. Co-digestion of sewage sludge and external organic waste (OW) for VFA production can helpachieve both resource recovery and ensure sustainable and innovative waste management. In view ofthis, the effect of substrate proportions on VFA production from co-digestion of primary sewage sludgeand OW is studied. Long-term operation in a semi-continuous reactor was performed to assess the resilienceof such a system and the VFA-rich effluent was tested for its ability to be used as carbon source fordenitrification. Co-digestion was initially carried out in batch reactors with OW proportion of 0%, 25%,50%, 75%, 100% in terms of COD and scaled up in a semi-continuous reactor operation with 50% OW.In the short-term operation in the batch mode, acetic acid dominated, however, increasing OW fractionresulted in increased valeric and caproic acid production. Moreover, in the long-term semi-continuousoperation, caproic acid dominated, accounting for 55% of VFAs. The VFA-rich effluent from the semicontinuousreactor achieved the highest denitrification rate as a carbon source when compared withacetic acid and methanol. The results demonstrate that co-fermentation can increase VFA yield and shiftproducts from acetic acid to caproic acid in long-term operation and the VFAs can be used withinwastewater treatment plants to close the loop.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2020
National Category
Industrial Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-276451 (URN)10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.027 (DOI)000540927500004 ()32497899 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85085581072 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20200703

Available from: 2020-06-12 Created: 2020-06-12 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved

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Owusu-Agyeman, Isaac

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