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Glider performance analysis and intermediate-fidelity modelling of underwater vehicles
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Vehicle Engineering and Solid Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1090-9168
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Vehicle Engineering and Solid Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3337-1900
Swedish Def Res Agcy, Gullfossgatan 6, S-16440 Kista, Sweden..ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6271-2260
2020 (English)In: Ocean Engineering, ISSN 0029-8018, E-ISSN 1873-5258, Vol. 210, article id 107567Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper analyses the transit performance of state-of-the-art underwater vehicles and presents an intermediate-fidelity steady-state flight mechanics model for qualitative performance assessment of underwater vehicles. Focusing on the comparison of underwater gliders and propeller-driven AUVs, a simple glide metric is presented and the transit performance of the legacy underwater gliders Slocum, Spray and Seaglider as well as propeller-modified versions thereof is evaluated. The evaluation is based on various data sets from wind tunnel tests and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) studies, and shows that for the respective hull shapes gliding locomotion proves more efficient in ideal conditions. However, biofouling conditions inflict a double penalty on glider performance, rendering gliders inferior to propeller-driven vehicles. The Slocum data set is used to validate a steady-state flight mechanics model for qualitative performance prediction. It is shown that even simplistic models based on semi-empirical and analytical expressions can be successfully used for design optimization through parametrization. Being computationally efficient, the model can be a useful tool for design engineers in early design phases. The model is used to evaluate the effects of wing span on gliding efficiency, indicating that the current design of the Slocum glider is near-optimal.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2020. Vol. 210, article id 107567
Keywords [en]
Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV), Underwater glider, Performance, Hydrodynamic modelling
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279173DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107567ISI: 000551161000033Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85085758343OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-279173DiVA, id: diva2:1464976
Note

QC 20200908

Available from: 2020-09-08 Created: 2020-09-08 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. On the Performance of Long-Range Autonomous Underwater Vehicles: Enhancing the Endurance of AUVs
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On the Performance of Long-Range Autonomous Underwater Vehicles: Enhancing the Endurance of AUVs
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are robotic platforms that are commonly used to gather environmental data, provide bathymetric images, and perform manipulation tasks. These robots are used not only for scientific, but also for industrial and military purposes. Climate change, political instabilities, and the increasing demand for both renewable and fossil energy sources have created a need for high-performance AUVs and particularly long-range AUVs.

The performance of long-range AUVs is characterised by several parameters, such as autonomous decision making, accurate navigation, system reliability, and vehicle endurance. The vehicle’s endurance is the key capability enabling long-range missions and is determined by the energy capacity and power consumption. By cruising at optimum speed, the vehicle endurance can be utilised most efficiently, resulting in the longest achievable vehicle range. The range of AUVs can be extended by maximising the available energy capacity and by minimising the overall power consumption. This thesis shows how the choices of propulsion system and power source can help improving the range of AUVs.

The power consumption comprises the hotel load and propulsive power. While the hotel load is largely depending on the payload sensors, the propulsive power can be minimised by choosing the right propulsion system. As a part of this thesis, the transit performance of underwater gliders is analysed using an analytical approach. The analysis yields a glide metric for the assessment of the energy efficiency of underwater gliding and allows for comparison to other conventional propulsion systems.

The most common energy systems for AUVs are primary and secondary electrochemical cells, in particular lithium-ion batteries. Alternative energy systems such as fuel cell (FC) systems can potentially improve the range of AUVs. Through a conceptual design study using off-the-shelf components, it is shown how FC systems can increase the energy capacity of AUVs. FC systems are typically implemented as hybrid systems paired with a small capacity battery system. Energy management strategies (EMS) are required to coordinate these two power sources. In this thesis, deterministic and optimisation-based strategies have been tested in simulations and evaluated against realistic AUV power consumption data from field trials. The results suggest that the complexity of the EMS needs to grow with mission complexity. While deterministic methods can yield the lowest energy consumption for standard missions (e.g. bathymetric imaging), optimisation-based methods provide best load-following behavior, making these methods better suited for retaining power reliability through maintaining battery state of charge.

Abstract [sv]

Autonoma undervattensfarkoster (AUV) är robotplattformar som vanligtvis används för att samla in miljödata, tillhandahålla batymetriska bilder och/eller utföra manipulationsuppgifter. Dessa robotar används inte bara för vetenskapliga, utan också industriella och militära ändamål. Klimatförändringar och politiska instabiliteter har skapat ett ökat behov av AUV:er med lång räckvidd som till exempel kan samla in oceanografisk data från under avlägsna antarktiska istungor eller utföra undervattens- och spaningsuppdrag för att säkerställa landets säkerhet. Idag hindras AUV:er i sin operation ofta av sin begränsade räckvidd och är dessutom generellt tvingade att färdas i låg hastighet. Ökad användning av AUV:er är därför starkt beroende av val av optimalt framdrivnings- och energisystem.

Konventionella framdrivningssystem omfattar propellrar och flytkraftsmotorer. Som en del av detta doktorsarbete analyseras analytiskt transitprestanda hos undervattens- glidare. Analysen ger ett ”glide-metric” som möjliggör snabb och enkel bedömning av effektiviteten av undervattensglidning med hjälp av fordonens hydrodynamiska koefficienter för lyft och motstånd – parametrar, som vanligtvis erhålls och finns tillgängliga under designprocessen. Resultaten visar vidare att för Myring-formade kroppar kan undervattensglidning vara den mest effektiva framdrivnings-metoden, givet en effektiv design av flytkraftsmotorn.

Idag drivs de flesta AUV:er av laddningsbara litiumjonbatterier. En alternativ lösning för att öka användbarheten av AUV:er är implementeringen av bränslecellssysteme (FCS). Genom konceptuell design med användning av färdiga komponenter visas i detta arbete hur FCS:er kan överträffa Li-ion-system när det gäller energitäthet på systemnivå. FC-systemet implementeras vanligtvis som hybridsystem parade med ett batterisystem med liten kapacitet. Energy Management Strategies (EMS) krävs för att samordna dessa två kraftkällor. Både deterministiska och optimeringsbaserade strategier har testats i simulering och utvärderats mot realistiska AUV-strömförbrukningsdata från fältförsök. Eftersom bränsleekonomi bara är en av flera utvärderingsparametrar, förutom t.ex. krafttillförlitlighet och systemförsämring, visar resultaten att komplexiteten hos EMS måste växa med uppdragets komplexitet

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2022:29
Keywords
Autonomous underwater vehicles, Underwater gliders, Propulsion, Fuel cell, Energy management strategies, Autonom undervattensfarkost, Undervattensglidning, Propulsion, Bränslecell, Energy Management Strategies
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Research subject
Vehicle and Maritime Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312392 (URN)978-91-8040-265-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-06-15, Auditorium, Kristineberg Center, 450 34 Fiskebäcksil, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, IRC15-0046
Note

QC 220518

Available from: 2022-05-18 Created: 2022-05-17 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved

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Deutsch, ClemensKuttenkeuler, Jacob

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