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Tensions in the energy transition: Swedish and Finnish company perspectives on bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, Tema Environmental Change.. (LUNETs, Graduate School in Energy Systems)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9163-3115
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Energy Processes. (LUNETs, Graduate School in Energy Systems)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8587-4054
Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, Tema Environmental Change.. (LUNETs, Graduate School in Energy Systems)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1912-5538
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Energy Processes. (LUNETs, Graduate School in Energy Systems)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3315-4201
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2021 (English)In: Journal of Cleaner Production, ISSN 0959-6526, E-ISSN 1879-1786, Vol. 280, p. 124527-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Sweden and Finland have national goals to reach net negative greenhouse gas emissions before mid-century. Achieving these ambitious goals could employ negative emission technologies, such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, but it is unclear how this technology could be realized in an energy transition. Sweden and Finland stand out for having a large share of substantial point source emissions of biogenic carbon dioxide, in the production of pulp, heat and power. In the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register, Sweden and Finland reported 64% and 51% biogenic emissions, respectively, in facilities emitting over 100 kt of carbon dioxide in 2017, while the corresponding collective figure for all European states in the database is 6%. This qualitative study highlights company actors’ perspectives on bioenergy with carbon capture and storage within a Nordic regional context and explores their perspective on emerging tensions in the energy transition. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 of the 24 companies with the largest point sources of biogenic emissions. The results are framed around four emerging tensions regarding bioenergy with carbon capture and storage from companies’ perspectives in this study: (1) absence of reliable long-term policies; (2) limits to companies’ climate change responsibility; (3) technical trade-offs of carbon capture; and (4) lack of customer demands for negative emissions. According to most of the companies, it is technically feasible to capture carbon dioxide, but it could be a challenge to determine who is responsible to create a financially viable business case, to enact supporting policies, and to build transport and storage infrastructure. Company representatives argue that they already contribute to a sustainable society, therefore bioenergy with carbon capture and storage is not their priority without government collaboration. However, they are willing to contribute more and could have an increasing role towards an energy transition in an international context.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2021. Vol. 280, p. 124527-
Keywords [en]
Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, Negative emission technologies, Energy transition, Industry perspectives, Sweden, Finland, BECCS, Environmental Sciences, Miljövetenskap
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284544DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124527ISI: 000603570100016Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85095406945OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-284544DiVA, id: diva2:1484231
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 46222-1Swedish Energy Agency, 46036-1Swedish Research Council Formas, 2016-00958Swedish Research Council, 2016-06359
Note

QC 20201209

Available from: 2020-10-28 Created: 2020-10-28 Last updated: 2024-11-28Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. On the potential deployment of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On the potential deployment of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) in Sweden
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is a chain of technologies to capture, transport and, store carbon dioxide of biogenic origin. There are countries and regions where BECCS could be a suitable part of the climate change mitigation toolbox.

With the aim of investigating the possible deployment of BECCS in Sweden, both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Studies of the potential of BECCS often fail to account for the perspectives of the companies that are anticipated to do the implementation. This thesis takes its starting point in those perspectives. The thesis investigates critical factors for the deployment of BECCS and how these inform a possible transition pathway with BECCS. To improve the understanding of the context for the deployment of BECCS, the thesis also investigates alternative ways to capture carbon dioxide from the lime kilns in Kraft pulp mills and the potential to achieve negative emissions with wood-based panels.

The thesis finds that critical factors that can affect deployment include upcoming incentives and regulations, the availability of storage capacity, and the continued use of biomass. In the near to mid-term, any transition with BECCS will be reliant on incumbent actors and their reorientation. A key for BECCS is the framing around generating negative emissions, which is different from the framing of carbon capture and storage (CCS) from 20 years ago as an enabler of business as usual. Generating negative emissions is, however, a concept only possible through boundary selections and assumptions, and everyone using the same guiding principles lowers the risk of double counting and/or omission of emissions.

The thesis also finds that alternative technologies, i.e., oxyfuel combustion and electric arc plasma calcination, can capture carbon from lime kilns without using additional fuel and at the same time generate useful steam. Such alternatives can be important in a future with increased competition for biomass resources. It is also possible to achieve negative emissions with wood-based panels in Sweden. While this can provide an alternative with additional benefits, i.e., material for construction, this thesis finds that it is not possible to achieve negative emissions with wood-based panels on the same scale as the potential for negative emissions with BECCS.  

Abstract [sv]

Biogen koldioxidavskiljning (bio-CCS eller BECCS) är en kedja av tekniker för att avskilja, transportera och lagra koldioxid med biogent ursprung. Det finns länder och regioner där BECCS skulle kunna passa bra som en del av de samlade åtgärderna för att begränsa klimatförändringarna. 

Med syftet att undersöka den möjliga utbyggnaden av BECCS i Sverige har både kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder använts. Studier av potentialen av BECCS misslyckas ofta med att redovisa perspektiven från de företag som väntas göra implementeringen. Den här avhandlingen har sin utgångspunkt i dessa perspektiv. Avhandlingen undersöker kritiska faktorer för utbyggnad av BECCS och hur dessa påverkar en möjlig omställning med BECCS. För att öka förståelsen kring kontexten för utbyggnad av BECCS undersöker avhandlingen även alternativa sätt att avskilja koldioxid från measugnar i sulfatmassabruk och potentialen att åstadkomma negativa utsläpp med träpaneler.  

Avhandlingen finner att kritiska faktorer som kan påverka utbyggnaden inkluderar kommande incitament och regelverk, tillgängligheten av lagringskapacitet, och den fortsatta användningen av biomassa. I närtid är alla omställningar med BECCS beroende av etablerade aktörer och deras omorientering. En nyckel för BECCS är inramningen runt att skapa negativa utsläpp. Denna inramning är annorlunda från inramningen av koldioxidavskiljning, transport och lagring (CCS) från 20 år sedan som en möjliggörare att fortsätta som vanligt. Att skapa negativa utsläpp är dock ett koncept som enbart är möjligt med hjälp av gränsdragningar och antaganden. Att alla följer samma guidande principer för dessa minskar risken för dubbelräkning och utelämnande av utsläpp. 

Avhandlingen finner också att alternativa tekniker, som syrgasförbränning och eldriven kalcinering med plasmateknik, kan avskilja koldioxid från mesaugnar utan att använda ytterligare bränsle och samtidigt generera användbar ånga. Sådana alternativ kan vara viktiga i en framtid med ökad konkurrens om biomassa. Det är också möjligt att åstadkomma negativa utsläpp med träpaneler i Sverige. Medan detta kan vara ett alternativ med flera fördelar, så som material för konstruktion, finner den här avhandlingen att det inte är möjligt att åstadkomma negativa utsläpp med träpaneler på samma skala som det är möjligt med BECCS. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 91
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2024:58
Keywords
Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), Carbon capture and storage (CCS), Carbon dioxide removal (CDR), Negative emission technologies (NETs), Sustainability transitions, Multi-level perspective (MLP), Actors’ perspectives, Kraft pulp mills, Lime kilns, Harvested wood products (HWP), Wood- based panels (WBP), Greenhouse gas accounting and reporting
National Category
Chemical Engineering Energy Systems Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Research subject
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-356989 (URN)978-91-8106-148-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-01-08, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 6, https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_XSNme8FRSwu65hWeG4Ki5w, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, P2018-90065
Note

QC 20241128

Available from: 2024-11-28 Created: 2024-11-28 Last updated: 2025-12-03Bibliographically approved

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