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Sensitivity of Cable Model Parameters for Traveling Wave Differential Protections in MTDC Systems
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electric Power and Energy Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1558-2539
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electric Power and Energy Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8565-4753
2020 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, ISSN 0885-8977, E-ISSN 1937-4208, Vol. 35, no 5, p. 2212-2221Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Multi-terminal HVDC systems equipped with multiple DC breakers require a protection system that selectively detects faults within a few milliseconds. In the development and application of such protection algorithms, time-domain simulation studies of various faults are essential when determining the setting and verifying the performance. However, when such protections are applied in practice, it should be expected that the models will not perfectly represent the behavior of the real system or transmission line, thereby possibly causing protections to operate unreliably. This paper presents a simulation process that evaluates the consequences for a protection algorithm when the transmission line parameters are varied. More specifically, the false differential current due to cable model parameter errors is evaluated in a traveling-wave differential protection applied in a multi-terminal HVDC system during an external fault. The purpose is to identify the most critical parameters and evaluate how inaccuracies influence the protection performance when applied in practice. It is shown that the parameters which significantly influence the propagation delay are critical for achieving the ideal performance - a strictly zero differential current during external faults.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2020. Vol. 35, no 5, p. 2212-2221
Keywords [en]
Circuit faults, Transmission line measurements, Power cables, Delays, Mathematical model, Current measurement, HVDC transmission, power system protection, PSCAD, sensitivity analysis
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284614DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2019.2963750ISI: 000572631700010Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85086994831OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-284614DiVA, id: diva2:1485100
Note

QC 20201130

Available from: 2020-11-01 Created: 2020-11-01 Last updated: 2022-10-04Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Multi-terminal HVDC protections based on transient line modeling
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multi-terminal HVDC protections based on transient line modeling
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

High voltage direct current (HVDC) is considered one of the critical technologies required for the power system to enable the transition toward renewables. With an increasing geographical density of HVDC converters, there is a potential for optimization by connecting more than two converters into a shared DC transmission system, thus forming a multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) system.

Larger MTDC systems are expected to require HVDC circuit breakers, thereby allowing disconnection of system subsections in case of faults rather than a complete shutdown of all converters. Thus, the protection system in MTDC systems with DC breakers differs from a conventional point-to-point system, as differentiation between DC faults is required to ensure that only the minimum subsection of the system is disconnected in the event of a fault. The main topic of this thesis is to achieve reliable detection of DC line faults (i.e., underground/submarine cables or overhead lines) in MTDC systems.

In this thesis, two different methods are proposed. The first is based solely on locally obtained measurements, thus requiring a reactor at the opposite end to provide a boundary of the protection zone. The method extracts the incident traveling wave using time-domain modeling techniques to represent the frequency-dependent characteristic admittance, thereby making it independent of line terminal reflections. Differentiation between internal and external faults is achieved by determining the steepness of the incident wave-front.

The second method, traveling wave differential protection, requires telecommunication between the two ends of a line, thereby not requiring a reactor to differentiate between internal and external faults. The method is based on a differential calculation of traveling waves obtained from voltages and currents at both ends and the frequency-dependent representations of the characteristic admittance and propagation function. Compared with other telecommunication-based methods, it is found that the method can operate faster because of the included wave propagation time in the differential calculation. 

The traveling wave differential protection relies on the transmission line parameters to accurately calculate and compare the traveling waves at both ends of a line. Thus, parameter errors will result in a false non-zero differential current during external disturbances, potentially causing false operation and reducing reliability. Therefore, the method's sensitivity was evaluated in a cable application using a procedure to automatically generate cable models with parameter variations and perform a transient simulation of an external fault. It was found that the propagation time used for synchronizing the waves in the differential calculation was the most critical parameter. Therefore, a method was developed to minimize any time-shift errors that otherwise would result in a false differential current. 

Abstract [sv]

Högspänd likström (HVDC) anses vara en de nödvändiga teknologier som kommer krävas för att existerande elkraftsystem skall klara övergången till förnybara energikällor. När flera HVDC-omriktare byggs inom samma geografiska område finns det möjligheter för optimering genom att ansluta fler än två omriktare till ett gemensamt likströmssystem, ett högspännings-likströmsnät.

För att bygga större likströmsnät så kommer det förmodligen krävas likströmsbrytare för att möjliggöra felbortkoppling utan att behöva frånkoppla samtliga omriktare vid nätfel. Skyddssystemet i likströmsnät med likströms-brytare skiljer sig från typiska HVDC överföringar eftersom skydden måste särskilja mellan olika DC-fel och därmed säkerställa att endast den minsta möjliga felbehäftade delen kopplas bort. Denna avhandling handlar om att uppnå en tillförlitlig detektering av DC-ledningsfel (d.v.s. underjordiska kablar, sjökablar eller luftledningar) i likströmsnät.

I avhandlingen presenteras det två olika detektionsmetoder. Den första metoden är enbart baserad på lokala mätningar, vilket kräver en spole i den motsatta änden för att avgränsa skyddszonen. Detektionsmetoden beräknar den infallande vandringsvågen via metoder för att representera den frekvensberoende karakteristiska admittansen utvecklade för tidsdomänsimuleringar. Genom att endast använda den infallande vandringsvågen är metoden oberoende av reflektioner vid ledningsänden. För att skilja mellan interna och externa fel i framåtriktningen används brantheten av den infallande vågfronten.

Den andra metoden, ett vandringsvågsdifferentialskydd, använder telekommunikation mellan de två sidorna av en ledning, och behöver därför inte en spole för att avgränsa skyddszonen. Metoden är baserad på en beräkning av skillnaden mellan vandringsvågor, beräknade av spänningar och strömmar på båda sidorna av ledningen tillsammans med den karakteristiska admittansen och ledningens utbredningsfunktion. I förhållande till andra telekommunikationsbaserade metoder visar det sig att metoden kan detektera fel snabbare eftersom differentialberäkningen inkluderar vågens utbredningstid. 

Vandringsvågsdifferentialskyddet använder transmissionsledningens parametrar för att beräkna och jämföra vandringsvågor i båda ändarna av en ledning. Detta medför att eventuella parameterfel kan resultera i en falsk differentialström som inte är noll under externa störningar, vilket potentiellt kan orsaka felaktig funktion och därmed minska tillförlitligheten. Av denna anledning har metodens känslighet utvärderats i en känslighetsstudie för en kabel. Studien använde en metod som automatiskt genererade olika kabelmodeller med parametervariationer för att sedan utföra simuleringar av ett externt fel. Det visade sig att utbredningstiden, som används för att synkronisera vågorna i skillnadsberäkningen, var den mest kritiska parametern. Som följd av denna slutsats utvecklades en metod för att minimera eventuella tidsförskjutningsfel, som annars skulle resultera i en falsk differentialström.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2022:60
Keywords
HVDC transmission, HVDC protection, traveling wave protection, MTDC protection
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-319510 (URN)978-91-8040-363-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-10-28, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/68496670065, H1, Teknikringen 33, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Note

QC 20221006

Available from: 2022-10-06 Created: 2022-10-04 Last updated: 2022-10-07Bibliographically approved

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Johannesson, NiclasNorrga, Staffan

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