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On the dynamics of footbridges: A theoretical approach and a comparison between running and walking loads
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Structural Engineering and Bridges.
2021 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The dynamic behaviour of lightweight footbridges is often susceptible to HumanInduced Loads (HILs). Generally HILs are taken into account as moving harmonicfunctions in which the loading frequency represents the step frequency of the pedestrians.In this way, there may be resonance if the loading frequencies fall within therange of the natural frequencies of the bridge, potentially compromising the serviceabilitylimit state of the structure. Therefore, it is important to understand how toaddress and model HILs in the context of lightweight and slender structures. Furthermore,interesting effects can be considered in the field of footbridge dynamics,such as the Human Structure Interaction (HSI) effect. The HSI effect can be understoodwithin a framework in which pedestrians behave as Tuned Mass Dampers(TMDs), possibly modifying the dynamic behaviour of the footbridge. In addition,the evaluation of the dynamic response of a footbridge is usually made through atime consuming dynamic analysis using the Finite Element Method (FEM). Mostof the analysis of this type of slender structures rely on a prescribed stationary harmonicloading scenario, and this is usually done in the context of a walking crowdevent and not much attention is given to running load events.The aims of this research project are to study the influence of running and walkingloads on the dynamic response of footbridges as well as to investigate and developa closed-form method in order to simulate the dynamic behaviour of footbridgessubjected to HILs. This has been achieved by comparing different approachesin order to simulate running load events for a small number of pedestrians withrespect to experimental results (Paper I). In addition, the simply supported beamand the clamped-clamped beam (Paper II) are studied when subjected to a movingharmonic load in a closed-form framework. Then, a comparison between normalwalking and normal running conditions is made. Finally, a general closed-formsolution for the moving harmonic load problem (Paper III) is developed using the2D Bernoulli–Euler beam theory for a continuous beam system on elastic supports.The results from the study indicate that running is more critical than walking fora single pedestrian crossing, despite the fact that it is easier to achieve a steadystate condition in a normal walking event than in a normal running event. Finally,the general solution of the moving harmonic load problem is found and it can beused to solve any load spectra in the time domain, with its static component, for ageneral multi-span beam system.

Abstract [sv]

Slanka och lätta gångbroar är ofta känsliga för dynamisk belastning från fotgängare.Dessa laster betraktas ofta som harmoniska funktioner där lastfrekvensenberor på stegfrekvensen. Resonans kan uppstå om stegfrekvensen sammanfallermed någon av brons egenfrekvenser vilket potentiellt kan överskrida föreskrivnavibrationsnivåer. Kännedom om dynamisk fotgängarlast är därför viktig, framföralltför dynamiskt känsliga konstruktioner. Samverkan mellan fotgängare ochbro kan också ge upphov till intressanta samband. Fotgängarna kan i detta sammanhangliknas med en massdämpare som kan ändra brons dynamiska egenskaper.Dynamiska analyser av gångbroar utförs ofta med FEM-analyser som kan varatidskrävande. Vanligen baseras analyserna på föreskrivna stationära harmoniskalaster, ofta baserat på gånglaster och sällan med beaktande av löparlaster.Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka inverkan av löpar- och gånglasters inverkanpå gångbroars dynamiska respons samt att utveckla en analytisk metod föratt simulera dessa laster och dess respons på broar. Detta har utförts genom attjämföra olika sätt att simulera löparlaster och jämföra broresponsen med experimentelldata (artikel 1). En analytisk lösning för rörliga harmoniska laster redovisasför fallet fritt upplagd och fast inspänd balk (artikel 2), med vilken inverkan av gångochlöparlaster jämförs. En mer generell analytisk lösning för rörliga harmoniskalaster (artikel 3) baseras på Bernoulli-Euler balkteori för kontinuerliga balkar påeftergivliga upplag.Resultaten från föreliggande arbete visar att för en enskild fotgängare är fallet medlöparlast mer kritiskt än gånglast, trots att det är lättare att uppnå ett fortvarighetstillståndför gånglaster jämfört med löparlaster. Den generella lösningen för rörligaharmoniska laster som redovisas kan användas för att lösa godtyckliga lastspektrai tidsdomän, inklusive dess statiska komponent, för generella balkar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. , p. 35
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2021:215
Keywords [en]
footbridges, dynamics, human induced loads, human structure interaction, harmonic load, continuous beam
Keywords [sv]
gångbroar, dynamik, fotgängarlast, samverkan mellan fotgängare och bro, harmonisk last, kontinuerlig balk.
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Structural Engineering and Bridges
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-290917ISBN: 978-91-7873-274-6 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-290917DiVA, id: diva2:1531368
Presentation
2021-05-31, Videolänk https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/61159279174, Du som saknar dator /datorvana kontakta Raied Karoumi raid.karoumi@byv.kth.se / Use the e-mail address if you need technical assistance, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20210302

Available from: 2021-03-02 Created: 2021-02-25 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Pedestrian bridge evaluation and modelling subjected to running load cases
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Pedestrian bridge evaluation and modelling subjected to running load cases
2021 (English)In: Footbridge Madrid 2021 International Conference, 2021Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper presents dynamic measurements performed on two pedestrian bridges inSweden subjected to different loading scenarios. Using accelerometers, the natural frequencies,the experimental mode shapes and damping properties were determined for each bridge. Analysiswere performed using the generalized single degree of freedom theory, the finite elementmethod and the coupled system approach taking into account the flying phase of the runningload. Additionaly, a simplified sensitivity analysis is presented in terms of accelerations dueto the pedestrian transient event of a running load case. The results indicate that there is anexcellent agreement between the aforementioned modelling strategies and, that it is possible tohave human structure interaction under running load scenarios.

Keywords
Vibrations, Footbridges, Dynamic performance, Human Structure Interaction
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-290915 (URN)
Conference
Footbridge Madrid 2021 International Conference
Note

QC 20210824

Available from: 2021-02-25 Created: 2021-02-25 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
2. Closed-form solution of the response of single pedestrian induced load for clamped-clamped bridges
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Closed-form solution of the response of single pedestrian induced load for clamped-clamped bridges
2020 (English)In: Proceedings EURODYN 2020, XI International Conference on Structural Dynamics, European Association for Structural Dynamics , 2020Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper presents an analytical approximation to describe the vertical and horizontalvibrations of clamped-clamped beams subjected to a single pedestrian induced load. Nointra—person variability is considered and only a single crossing is taken into account. Thisapproximation is performed by choosing a suitable trigonometric function that well estimatesthe dynamic properties and mode shape of the system. Moreover, the approximation enables tofind the relationship between the loading parameters such as the step frequency and velocityand, the dynamic properties of the system as the natural frequency and damping. Furthermore,approximation formulas are presented for peak displacements, velocities and accelerations inthe damped, low damped and undamped cases. Finally, amplifications factors and minimum designmass curves are defined using non dimensional parameters, aiming to contribute to a fastpedestrian bridge dynamic assessment for systems whose mode shapes reassemble the modeshape of a clamped—clamped beam, for both walking and running pedestrian load cases.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
European Association for Structural Dynamics, 2020
Keywords
dynamic performance, pedestrian loading, footbridge, resonance vibration
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering Applied Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-290916 (URN)2-s2.0-85099730518 (Scopus ID)
Conference
11th International Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2020, 23 - 26 November 2020, Virtual/Athens, Greece
Note

QC 20210824

Available from: 2021-02-25 Created: 2021-02-25 Last updated: 2024-02-28Bibliographically approved
3. Closed-form solutionfor continuous beam systems on elastic supports under moving harmonic loads
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Closed-form solutionfor continuous beam systems on elastic supports under moving harmonic loads
(English)In: Article in journal (Refereed) Submitted
Abstract [en]

In this paper, a closed-form solution of the moving harmonic load problemfor continuous Euler-Bernoulli beam systems is presented. The generality ofthe boundary conditions is taken into account by solving the characteristicequation of the system, obtaining its natural frequencies and mode shapes.The undetermined coefficient method is applied to solve the governing differentialequation of motion, determining the base functions of the solutionspace of the problem. For vertical vibrations, three numerical examples offootbridges are presented. The main contribution of this paper is to providethe closed-form solution of the moving harmonic load problem applied tocontinuous footbridges including the phase angle in the load definition. Inthis way, it is possible to find the solution in time domain of the harmoniccomponent of any load spectra.

Keywords
Vibrations, Footbridges, Harmonic load, Continuous beam
National Category
Applied Mechanics Other Mechanical Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Structural Engineering and Bridges
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-290914 (URN)
Note

QC 20210301

Available from: 2021-02-25 Created: 2021-02-25 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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