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Optical and X-ray Fluorescent Nanoparticles for Dual Mode Bioimaging
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6854-1423
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3095-0608
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6774-5320
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7674-6437
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2021 (English)In: ACS Nano, ISSN 1936-0851, E-ISSN 1936-086X, Vol. 15, no 3, p. 5077-5085Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Nanoparticle (NP) based contrast agents detectable via different imaging modalities (multimodal properties) provide a promising strategy for noninvasive diagnostics. Core-shell NPs combining optical and X-ray fluorescence properties as bioimaging contrast agents are presented. NPs developed earlier for X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT), based on ceramic molybdenum oxide (MoO2) and metallic rhodium (Rh) and ruthenium (Ru), are coated with a silica (SiO2) shell, using ethanolamine as the catalyst. The SiO2 coating method introduced here is demonstrated to be applicable to both metallic and ceramic NPs. Furthermore, a fluorophore (Cy5.5 dye) was conjugated to the SiO2 layer, without altering the morphological and size characteristics of the hybrid NPs, rendering them with optical fluorescence properties. The improved biocompatibility of the SiO2 coated NPs without and with Cy5.5 is demonstrated in vitro by Real-Time Cell Analysis (RTCA) on a macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7). The multimodal characteristics of the core-shell NPs are confirmed with confocal microscopy, allowing the intracellular localization of these NPs in vitro to be tracked and studied. In situ XFCT successfully showed the possibility of in vivo multiplexed bioimaging for multitargeting studies with minimum radiation dose. Combined optical and X-ray fluorescence properties empower these NPs as effective macroscopic and microscopic imaging tools.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS) , 2021. Vol. 15, no 3, p. 5077-5085
Keywords [en]
core-shell nanoparticles, silica coated nanoparticles, fluorescent dye doping, contrast agent, bioimaging, X-ray fluorescence, XFCT
National Category
Physical Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-294011DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10127ISI: 000634569100116PubMedID: 33587608Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85101569288OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-294011DiVA, id: diva2:1553117
Note

QC 20210507

Available from: 2021-05-07 Created: 2021-05-07 Last updated: 2024-02-22Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Preclinical X-ray imaging beyond attenuation contrast
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Preclinical X-ray imaging beyond attenuation contrast
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Preklinisk röntgenavbildning bortom attenueringskontrast
Abstract [en]

Medical imaging is a cornerstone of modern clinical practice. Here, X-ray imaging is the given choice for rapid morphological imaging with excellent spatial resolution, albeit with sensitivity often insufficient for resolving subtle pathological changes to soft tissues. Fundamentally, the sensitivity issue is due to the image contrast traditionally being based on differential X-ray attenuation (i.e., absorption and scattering) where attenuation properties of soft tissues are often very similar. Improving the sensitivity of clinical X-ray imaging therefore requires moving beyond conventional attenuation contrast.

Motivated by the above, this Thesis explores two alternative contrast mechanisms in the preclinical domain, yet with a clinical outlook: X-ray fluorescence and X-ray phase contrast. These mechanisms are demonstrated both experimentally on animal models (in vivo) and computationally on virtual anatomical phantoms (in silico). Specifically, we developed instrumentation for in vivo X-ray fluorescence imaging of mice injected with nanoparticle contrast agents, demonstrating a path towards molecular X-ray imaging with higher spatial resolution (< 0.5 mm) than established molecular modalities (e.g., PET & SPECT) and roughly 10× higher sensitivity (~ 0.1 mM) compared to conventional attenuation contrast. Furthermore, we showed that the terminal bronchioles (diameters down to ~ 60 μm) could be resolved in free-breathing mice under anesthesia using X-ray imaging boosted by phase contrast. Lastly, we showed through in silico modeling that the extension of X-ray phase contrast to human lungs could potentially enable visualization of small airways (diameters below 2 mm) which are invisible to attenuation contrast alone. In summary, this Thesis provides experimental and computational demonstrations indicating that both X-ray fluorescence and X-ray phase contrast could provide a path towards clinical X-ray imaging with improved sensitivity.

Abstract [sv]

Medicinsk avbildning är en viktig grundsten inom modern klinisk praktik. Här är röntgenavbildning det givna valet för snabb strukturell avbildning med hög upplösning, dock med en känslighet som oftast inte räcker för att upplösa små patologiska förändringar inom mjuka vävnader. Känslighetsproblemet grundar sig i att kontrasten i traditionella röntgenbilder uppstår genom skillnader i attenuering av röntgenstrålningen (p.g.a. absorption och spridning) där attenueringsegenskaperna hos olika vävnader oftast är väldigt lika. Förbättring av känsligheten hos röntgenavbildning kräver därmed att man ser bortom attenueringskontrast.

Mot denna bakgrund undersöker föreliggande avhandling två alternativa kontrastmekanismer i en preklinisk kontext men med klinisk tillämpning i sikte: röntgenfluorescens och faskontraströntgen. Dessa mekanismer demonstreras både experimentellt på djurmodeller (in vivo) samt med beräkningar på virtuella anatomiska fantomer (in silico). Bland annat demonstrerade vi experimentell avbildning med  röntgenfluorescens på möss in vivo injicerade med nanopartiklar som kontrastmedel som ett koncept för molekylär röntgenavbildning med högre spatial upplösning (< 0.5 mm) än nuvarande molekylära avbildningsmodaliteter (t.ex. PET & SPECT) samt en faktor 10× högre känslighet (~ 0.1 mM) jämfört med traditionell attenueringskontrast. Vidare visade vi att de minsta bronkiolerna (med diametrar ner till 60 μm) kunde upplösas i möss under anestesi utan mekanisk ventilering genom avbildning med faskontraströntgen. Slutligen visade vi med in silico modellering att faskontraströntgen tillämpat på människolungor skulle kunna ha potential för att visualisera små luftvägar (med diametrar under 2 mm) som är osynliga genom enbart attenueringskontrast. Sammanfattningsvis innehåller denna avhandling experiment och beräkningar som indikerar att både röntgenfluorescens och faskontraströntgen är lovande kontrastmekanismer för klinisk röntgenavbildning med förbättrad känslighet.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 44
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2022:07
National Category
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging
Research subject
Physics; Physics, Biological and Biomedical Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-310183 (URN)978-91-8040-176-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-04-22, Room 4204, Hus 3, Albano campus, Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2022-03-23 Created: 2022-03-23 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
2. Preclinical X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging with Multifunctional Nanoparticles
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Preclinical X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging with Multifunctional Nanoparticles
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI) is an emerging technique for preclinical studies, characterized by high resolution, specificity, and sensitivity. It relies on nanoparticles (NPs) as contrast agents, which must be constituted of specific elements that match the X-ray source energy for detection. Laboratory liquid metal-jet X-ray sources enable compact in vivo XFI, thereby extending the accessibility of this imaging technique beyond synchrotron facilities.

When designing NPs as contrast agents, biocompatibility is essential for both preclinical and clinical imaging, often requiring a passivating biocompatible coating on the NP surface. The NP cores can provide contrast by their elemental composition, while coating, conjugation, and decoration strategies can add other functionalities and improve biocompatibility.

In this thesis, multifunctional NPs are designed to extend the functionality of XFI contrast agents by incorporating optically fluorescent or magnetically active components: conjugated carbon quantum dots, dye-doped silica shell, and decorated superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs. The designed multifunctional NPs allow correlative and multiscale imaging with complementary techniques such as confocal optical microscopy or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Furthermore, these NPs also facilitate more comprehensive studies on NP pharmacokinetics, paving the way for more robust investigations in the field of nanomedicine.

The benefits of multifunctional NPs are demonstrated with two approaches. First, in vivo correlative imaging with MRI and XFI is shown to reduce false positives caused by MRI artifacts in the lungs and abdomen. Second, XFI is employed to enable rapid NP bioengineering, by iteratively improving NP properties and administration strategies for passive tumor targeting. Optical and X-ray fluorescent multifunctional NPs enable the co-localization of NPs at both macroscopic and microscopic levels with XFI and confocal microscopy, correlating NP accumulation in organs with NP-cell interactions. These results highlight the role of XFI in the field of nanomedicine, with potential applications in pharmacokinetics, tumor targeting, treatment monitoring, and the development of medical devices.

Abstract [sv]

Röntgenfluorescensavbildning (RFA) är en växande teknik för prekliniska studier, och karakteriseras av hög upplösning, specificitet och känslighet. RFA använder nanopartiklar (NP:ar) som kontrastmedel, vilket måste innehålla specifika element som matchar röntgenkällans energi. Röntgenkällor med flytande metallstråleteknik möjliggör kompakt in vivo RFA i laboratorier, vilket gör denna avbildningsteknik tillgänglig även utanför synkrotronanläggningar.

Vid utformningen av NP:ar som kontrastmedel är biokompatibilitet avgörande betydelse både för preklinisk och klinisk avbildning, vilket ofta kräver ett passiverande biokompatibelt skikt på NP-ytan. NP-kärnorna kan ge kontrast genom sin grundämnessammansättning, medan beläggnings-, konjugerings- och dekorationsstrategier kan lägga till andra funktionaliteter och förbättra biokompatibiliteten.

I denna avhandling syntetiseras multifunktionella NP:ar för att utöka funktionaliteten hos RFA-kontrastmedel genom att inkorporera optiskt fluorescerande eller magnetiskt aktiva komponenter: konjugerade kolkvantprickar, färgämnesdopat  kiseldioxidskal och dekorerade superparamagnetiska järnoxid NP:ar. De utformade multifunktionella NP:arna möjliggör korrelativ avbildning med kompletterande tekniker som konfokal optisk mikroskopi eller magnetisk resonanstomografi (MR). Dessutom underlättar dessa NP:ar också mer omfattande studier av NP-farmakokinetik, vilket banar väg för bättre underbyggda undersökningar inom nanomedicin.

Fördelarna med multifunktionella NP:ar demonstreras med två tillvägagångssätt. För det första har in vivo korrelativ avbildning med MR och RFA visat sig minska antalet falska positiva resultat orsakade av MR-artefakter i lungorna och buken. För det andra används RFA för att möjliggöra snabb utveckling och design av NP:ar, genom att iterativt förbättra NP-egenskaper och administreringsstrategier för passiv ansamling i tumörer. Optiska och röntgenfluorescerande multifunktionella NP:ar möjliggör samlokalisering av NP:ar på både makroskopisk och mikroskopisk nivå med RFA och konfokal mikroskopi, vilket korrelerar NP-ackumuleringar i organ med NP-cellinteraktioner. Dessa resultat belyser RFA:s roll inom nanomedicinfältet, med dess potentiella tillämpningar inom farmakokinetik, tumörmålsökning, behandlingsövervakning och utveckling av medicinska instrument.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2024:07
National Category
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging
Research subject
Physics, Biological and Biomedical Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-343804 (URN)978-91-8040-841-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-03-22, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 240227

Available from: 2024-02-27 Created: 2024-02-22 Last updated: 2024-02-27Bibliographically approved

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Saladino, GiovanniVogt, CarmenLi, YuyangShaker, KianBrodin, BerthaSvenda, MartinHertz, HansToprak, Muhammet

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