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Reliability-Based Assessment and Optimization of High-Speed Railway Bridges
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Structural Engineering and Bridges.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8453-8937
2021 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Increasing the operational speed of trains has attracted a lot of interest in the last decades and has brought new challenges, especially in terms of infrastructure design methodology, as it may induce excessive vibrations. Such demands can damage bridges, which in turn increases maintenance costs, endangers the safety of passing trains and disrupts passenger comfort. Conventional design provisions should therefore be evaluated in the light of modern concerns; nevertheless, several previous studies have highlighted some of their shortcomings. It should be emphasized that most of these studies have neglected the uncertainties involved, which preventsthe reported results from representing a complete picture of the problem. In this respect, the present thesis is dedicated to evaluating the performance of conventional design methods, especially those related to running safety and passenger comfort, using probabilistic approaches. To achieve this objective, a preliminary study was carried out using the first-order reliability method for short/medium span bridges passed by trains at a wide range of operating speeds. Comparison of these results with the corresponding deterministic responses showed that applying a constant safety factor to the running safety threshold does not guarantee that the safety index will be identical for all bridges. It also shows that the conventional design approaches result in failure probabilities that are higher than the target values. This conclusion highlights the need to update the design methodology for running safety. However, it would be essential to determine whether running safety is the predominant design criterion before conducting further analysis. Therefore, a stochastic comparison between this criterion and passenger comfort was performed. Due to the significant computational cost of such investigations, subset simulation and crude Monte-Carlo (MC) simulation using meta-models based on polynomial chaos expansion were employed. Both methods were found to perform well, with running safety almost always dominating the passenger comfort limit state. Subsequently, classification-based meta-models, e.g. support vector machines, k-nearest neighbours and decision trees, were combined using ensemble techniques to investigate the influence of soil-structure interaction on the evaluated reliability of running safety. The obtained results showed a significant influence, highlighting the need for detailed investigations in further studies. Finally, a reliability-based design optimization was conducted to update the conventional design method of running safety by proposing minimum requirements for the mass per length and moment of inertia of bridges. It is worth mentioning that the inner loop of the method was solved by a crude MC simulation using adaptively trained Kriging meta-models.

Abstract [sv]

Att öka tågens hastighet har väckt stort intresse under de senaste decennierna och har medfört nya utmaningar, särskilt när det gäller broanalyser, eftersom tågen inducerar stora vibrationer. Sådana vibrationer kan öka underhållskostnaderna, äventyra säkerheten för förbipasserande tåg och påverka passagerarkomforten. Konstruktionsbestämmelser bör därför utvärderas mot bakgrund av dessa problem; dock har flera tidigare studier belyst några av bristerna i dagens bestämmelser. Det bör understrykas att de flesta av dessa studier har försummat de osäkerheter som är involverade, vilket hindrar de rapporterade resultaten från att representera en fullständig bild av problemet. I detta avseende syftar denna avhandling till att utvärdera prestandan hos konventionella analysmetoder, särskilt de som rör körsäkerhet och passagerarkomfort, med hjälp av sannolikhetsmetoder. För att uppnå detta mål genomfördes en preliminär studie med första ordningens tillförlitlighetsnmetod för broar med kort/medellång spännvidd som passeras av tåg med ett brett hastighetsspektrum. Jämförelse av dessa resultat med motsvarande deterministiska respons visade att tillämpa en konstant säkerhetsfaktor för verifieringen av trafiksäkerhet inte garanterar att säkerhetsindexet kommer att vara identiskt för alla broar. Det visar också att de konventionella analysmetoderna resulterar i brottsannolikheter som är högre än målvärdena. Denna slutsats belyser behovet av att uppdatera analysmetoden för trafiksäkerhet. Det skulle emellertid vara viktigt att avgöra om trafiksäkerhet är det dominerande designkriteriet innan ytterligare analyser genomförs. Därför utfördes en stokastisk jämförelse mellan detta kriterium och kriteriet för passagerarkomfort. På grund av den betydande. analystiden för sådana beräkningar användes delmängdssimulering och Monte-Carlo (MC) simulering med metamodeller baserade på polynomisk kaosutvidgning. Båda metoderna visade sig fungera bra, med trafiksäkerhet som nästan alltid dominerade över gränsningstillståndet för passagerarkomfort. Därefter kombinerades klassificeringsbaserade metamodeller som stödvektormaskin och beslutsträd genom ensembletekniker, för att undersöka påverkan av jord-brointeraktion på den utvärderade tillförlitligheten gällande trafiksäkerhet. De erhållna resultaten visade en signifikant påverkan och betonade behovet av detaljerade undersökningar genom ytterligare studier. Slutligen genomfördes en tillförlitlighetsbaserad konstruktionsoptimering för att föreslå ett minimikrav på erforderlig bromassa per längdmeter och tröghetsmoment. Det är värt att nämna att metodens inre loop löstes med en MC-simulering med adaptivt tränade Kriging-metamodeller.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. , p. 83
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2133
Keywords [en]
High-speed railway bridges, Bridge dynamics, Running safety, Passenger comfort, Structural reliability, Meta-models, Surrogate models, Adaptive sampling, Reliability-based design optimization
Keywords [sv]
Höghastighetsjärnvägsbroar, Brodynamik, Trafiksäkerhet, Passagerarkomfort, Konstruktioners tillförlitlighet, Metamodeller, Surrogatmodeller, Adaptiv sampling, Tillförlitlighetsbaserad designoptimering
National Category
Engineering and Technology Civil Engineering Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Structural Engineering and Bridges
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301318ISBN: 978-91-7873-977-6 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-301318DiVA, id: diva2:1592002
Presentation
2021-10-01, Videolänk https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/64754196008, Du som saknar dator /datorvana kontakta Raid Karoumi raidk@kth.se / Use the e-mail address if you need technical assistance, Stockholm, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20210910

Available from: 2021-09-10 Created: 2021-09-07 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Reliability Assessment of the Dynamic Behavior of High-Speed Railway Bridges Using First Order Reliability Method
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Reliability Assessment of the Dynamic Behavior of High-Speed Railway Bridges Using First Order Reliability Method
2020 (English)In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Structural Dynamics, / [ed] M. Papadrakakis, M. Fragiadakis, C. Papadimitriou, Athens, Greece, 2020, Vol. 2, p. 3438-3450, article id 18654Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The operational speed of the trains is intended to be significantly increasedforthcoming; which consequently questions the safety level of the current design conceptsconcerning different performance limits. Thus, the reliability of the simply supportedsingle-span bridges is assessed in the current article adopting the first-order reliabilitymethod (FORM) approach. In this regard, the dynamic response of the aimed bridges isinvestigated under the passage of a series of moving loads using available closed-form solutions in the literature. Hereof, axle load, car body/train configuration, flexural rigidity,damping, mass and model uncertainties are considered as random variables; while traintrack-bridge interactions are neglected and the procedure is repeated for a wide range ofspan lengths and train velocities. Then, the safety index corresponding to each case isevaluated by considering running safety as the limit state function; where, the bridge deckvertical acceleration is taken as the capacity of the system. The outcomes are presentedas average probability of exceeding the limit state versus train speed and categorized basedon span lengths.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Athens, Greece: , 2020
Series
EASD Procedia
Keywords
High-Speed Railway Bridges, Bridge Dynamics, Structural Reliability, First Order Reliability Method, Running Safety, Serviceability Limit State
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Structural Engineering and Bridges; Civil and Architectural Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-287539 (URN)10.47964/1120.9282.18654 (DOI)
Conference
Eurodyn 2020, 11th International Conference on Structural DynamicsAthens, 23-26 November, 2020.
Projects
Shift2Rail
Note

Not duplicate with DiVA 1552464

QC 20201216

Available from: 2020-12-14 Created: 2020-12-14 Last updated: 2024-03-21Bibliographically approved
2. Surrogate-assisted versus subset simulation-based stochastic comparison between running safety and passenger comfort design criteria of high-speed railway bridges
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Surrogate-assisted versus subset simulation-based stochastic comparison between running safety and passenger comfort design criteria of high-speed railway bridges
2021 (English)In: Proceedings of the31st European Safety and Reliability Conference(ESREL 2021) / [ed] Bruno Castanier, Marko Cepin, David Bigaud, and Christophe Berenguer, 2021, p. 3334-3341Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Limiting the maximum vertical acceleration and deflection of the deck are two principal design criteriaof high-speed railway bridges. The former prevents ballast instability to ensure running safety, andthe latter attempts to limit the acceleration of the car-body below the level at which passengercomfort is disturbed. The previous studies are mainly concerned with the destabilization of the ballast,nevertheless the possibility of the maximum deflection occurrence should not be underestimated.Moreover, the literature indicates the need to improve the current design requirements including theminimum allowable mass and frequency of bridges, which requires solving optimization problems basedon modern requirements. Therefore, a probabilistic framework with simulation-based techniques is usedto evaluate the violation probability of the above limit states and distinguish dominant criteria underdifferent conditions, i.e., bridge span length and operational train speed. First, the performance of thesubset simulation method is compared with the Latin Hypercube-sampling based Monte-Carlo approachsupported by surrogate models. Polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) surrogate models are trained for thisobjective. Then, the resulting violation probabilities are evaluated for the two considered limit statesusing the approach with better performance.

Keywords
High-Speed Railway Bridges, Bridge Dynamics, Running Safety, Passenger Comfort, Structural Reliability, Subset Simulation, Surrogate Model, Polynomial Chaos Expansion
National Category
Civil Engineering Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301310 (URN)10.3850/978-981-18-2016-8_577-cd (DOI)2-s2.0-85135490897 (Scopus ID)
Conference
31st European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL 2021)
Note

Priceedings ISBN: 978-981-18-2016-8, QC 20211011

Available from: 2021-09-07 Created: 2021-09-07 Last updated: 2023-05-02Bibliographically approved
3. Ensemble Meta-Models for Running Safety Assessment ofHigh-Speed Railway Bridges Considering Soil-StructureInteraction Effects
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Ensemble Meta-Models for Running Safety Assessment ofHigh-Speed Railway Bridges Considering Soil-StructureInteraction Effects
2022 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Increasing operating speeds and axle loads of trains may induce higher verticaldeck accelerations on bridges, which may subsequently lead to the occurrence of ballast instabilities.This phenomenon not only increases maintenance costs but also leads to speed restrictionsunder operating conditions. In severe cases, it can also cause train derailment. Thishas been shown to be the governing criterion for the design of short to medium span lengthhigh-speed railway bridges, especially from the dynamic behaviour point of view. Despiteits substantial importance in the design of railway bridges, the conventional deterministic approachescannot achieve the desired level of safety (Allahvirdizadeh et al. 2020). Therefore,this article is devoted to the evaluation of the probability of violating running safety usingsimulation-based methods. In this context, different variables, including those for the bridge(span length, flexural rigidity, and geometric properties), for the train (axle load, dominantfrequency and damping ratio) and for the boundary conditions (soil and foundation properties)are considered. Due to the high computational cost and complexity of the consideredperformance function, a low-cost meta-model is trained using stack modelling concept as acombination of support vector machines (SVM), k-nearest neighbours (k-NN) and decisiontrees. Then, the range of maximum and minimum probabilities of exceeding the verticalacceleration threshold are evaluated as a function of train speed and bridge span length. Comparingthese boundaries with corresponding results of simply-supported bridges showed thatneglecting soil-structure interaction effects in shorter span bridges may result an underestimatedsafety of the system; however, for longer span bridges it may result in overestimatedsafeties.

Keywords
High-Speed Railway Bridges, Bridge Dynamics, Structural Reliability, Running Safety, Support Vector Machines, k-Nearest Neighbours, Decision Tree, Stacked Model, Monte-Carlo Simulation
National Category
Engineering and Technology Civil Engineering Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering; Civil and Architectural Engineering, Structural Engineering and Bridges
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301312 (URN)
Conference
The 13th International Conference on Structural Safety and Reliability (ICOSSAR 2021-2022)
Note

QC 20211103

Available from: 2021-09-07 Created: 2021-09-07 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
4. Minimum Design Requirements of High-Speed RailwayBridges Using Reliability-Based Design Optimization
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Minimum Design Requirements of High-Speed RailwayBridges Using Reliability-Based Design Optimization
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Constructing high-speed railway networks received a great attention during pastdecade raising new safety concerns on infrastructure (particularly bridges). It ismainly because of possible excessive vibrations due to higher operating speeds.In this regard, deficiency or vague scientific background for some of designmethodologies are shown by former studies; among which is the adopted safetyfactor for running safety. This limit state occurs if the load path from the trainto the bridge is disturbed by dislocating ballast particles because of excessivevertical accelerations of the bridge deck. Hence, the current article is devotedto update the conventional design methodology. For this objective, reliabilitybaseddesign optimization technique is employed to propose minimum allowablemass and stiffness (or maximum permissible fundamental frequency) which assuressatisfying target reliability level. This is achieved by adaptively trainingKriging meta-models to surrogate the computational models. It seems that theproposed method can result in lighter (economical) bridges in comparison tothe conventional design methodology; however, this beneficial aspect vanishesby increasing span length of the bridge.

Keywords
Reliability-Based Design Optimization, High-Speed Railway Bridges, Bridge Dynamics, Design Methodology, Meta-Modelling, Kriging, Gaussian Process Regression, Adaptive Sampling.
National Category
Civil Engineering Infrastructure Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301291 (URN)
Projects
Shift2Rail Joint Undertaking under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programIn2Track2
Note

QC 20211027

Available from: 2021-09-07 Created: 2021-09-07 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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