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Study of the oversized capacity and the increased energy loss of hybrid energy storage systems and design of an improved controller based on the low-pass filter
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0206-6631
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electromagnetic Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4740-1832
2022 (English)In: Journal of Energy Storage, ISSN 2352-152X, E-ISSN 2352-1538, Vol. 50, p. 104241-104241, article id 104241Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A hybrid energy storage system (HESS) consisting of batteries and supercapacitors (SCs) is an effective approach to stability problems brought by renewable energy sources (RESs) in microgrids. This paper investigates the energy exchange between the two energy storage devices (ESDs) caused by the low-pass filter (LPF), which leads to the oversized capacity of HESSs. In addition, the energy exchange between the ESDs leads to more energy loss of HESSs. Based on the analysis of the power flows, this paper proposes an improved controller based on the LPF controller. A power direction control strategy eliminates the non-beneficial power flow to reduce the capacity of HESSs and improve the round-trip energy efficiency. In addition, a SOC control strategy regime balances the desired state of charge (SOC) of the ESDs instead of depending on the LPF. In this paper, the case study shows that the improved LPF controller reduces the capacity of the HESS to the minimized capacity and improves the round-trip energy efficiency. Furthermore, it has no adverse effect on battery aging and achieves the battery lifetime extension with a smaller capacity. A scaled-down HESS experimental setup validates the effectiveness of the improved LPF controller and the simulation results. Finally, the proposed improved controller is compared with various existing controllers to verify the performance.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2022. Vol. 50, p. 104241-104241, article id 104241
Keywords [en]
Battery, Hybrid energy storage system (HESS), Low-pass filter, Oversized capacity, Round-trip energy efficiency, Supercapacitor (SC)
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-309343DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2022.104241ISI: 000781385400002Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85125280962OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-309343DiVA, id: diva2:1640927
Funder
Swedish Research CouncilStandUp
Note

QC 20220502

Available from: 2022-02-28 Created: 2022-02-28 Last updated: 2026-03-11Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Hybrid energy storage systems: Capacity optimization and environmental implication of hybrid energy storage systems in renewable power systems
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Hybrid energy storage systems: Capacity optimization and environmental implication of hybrid energy storage systems in renewable power systems
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Electricity production contributes a large share of greenhouse gas emissions that lead to climate change. At present, power generation in many parts of the world still heavily depends on fossil fuels. To prevent global warming, the electricity sector is supposed to transition from the current fuel mix to renewable energy sources. Renewable power systems, which are sustainable and environmentally friendly, have the potential to satisfy our electricity consumption. Wind power and solar power increased rapidly in the past decade, however, they only accounted for about 10% of the global annual electricity production in 2021. The main barrier to wind and solar power is variability, which brings a severe challenge to conventional power systems. The power grid needs to constantly maintain the supply-demand balance due to a lack of energy storage. 

Energy storage affects every aspect of power systems from generation to consumption and brings great benefits to renewable energy resources and power grids, such as energy time-shifting, improving power quality, and voltage regulation. However, none of the energy storage technologies can satisfy the diverse and even multiple needs of power systems. Therefore, the hybrid energy storage system is a promising solution. 

This thesis discusses hybrid energy storage systems from two aspects to make better use of them in renewable power systems: capacity optimization and environmental implication. Firstly, capacity optimization is a significant concern for hybrid energy storage systems. To seek the optimal capacity of a hybrid energy storage system, this thesis explores the energy exchange between the individual energy storage devices within the system. It leads to oversized capacity and increased loss. Hence, an improved low-pass filter controller that contains the power direction control strategy and the state-of-charge control strategy is presented in this thesis. The improved controller effectively eliminates the unnecessary energy exchange to ensure the minimized capacity of the system and improves round-trip energy efficiency. In addition, an alternative controller with a variable time constant is presented to utilize the secondary energy storage device more properly in hybrid energy storage systems. Moreover, despite helping the integration of variable renewable energy, energy storage systems still have greenhouse gas emissions from cradle to grave. This thesis presents a consequential life cycle assessment approach and evaluates the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from hybrid energy storage systems in renewable power systems. Different combinations are compared to seek the appropriate combination and forecast the potential of energy storage to achieve a 100% renewable power system with low emissions.

Abstract [sv]

Elproduktion bidrar med en stor del av utsläppen av växthusgaser som leder till klimatförändringar. För närvarande är kraftproduktionen i många delar av världen fortfarande starkt beroende av fossila bränslen. För att förhindra global uppvärmning är avsikten att kraftsektorn ska gå över från den nuvarande bränslemixen till förnybara energikällor. System för förnybar elproduktion, som är hållbara och miljövänliga, har potentialen att tillgodose vår elförbrukning. Vindkraft och solkraft ökade snabbt under det senaste decenniet, men under 2021 stod de ändå bara för cirka 10 % av den globala årliga elproduktionen. Det främsta hindret för vind- och solenergi är variabilitet, vilket innebär en allvarlig utmaning för konventionella kraftnät. På grund av bristen av energilagring behöver kraftnätet konstant hålla balansen mellan tillgången och efterfrågan på el.

Energilagring påverkar alla aspekter av kraftsystem, från produktion till förbrukning. Det ger stora fördelar för förnybara energikällor och kraftnät, såsom tidsförskjutning av energins nyttjande, förbättrad elkvalitet och spänningsreglering. Emellertid kan ingen av metoderna för energilagring tillfredsställa kraftsystemens mångsidiga och till och med mångfaldiga behov. Därför är hybridenergilagringssystemet en lovande lösning.

För att bättre kunna använda dem i förnybara kraftsystem diskuterar denna avhandling hybridenergilagringssystem från två aspekter: kapacitetsoptimering och miljökonsekvenser. Kapacitetsoptimering är ett stort problem för hybridenergilagringssystem och för att hitta den optimala kapaciteten undersöker denna avhandling energiutbytet mellan systemets individuella energilagringsenheterna. Detta energiutbyte leder till en överdimensionerad kapacitet och mera förluster. Därför presenteras i denna avhandling en förbättrad styrenhet, baserat på ett lågpassfilter, vars strategier styr effektflödena samt energinivåerna. Den förbättrade styrenheten eliminerar effektivt onödiga energiutbyten så att det säkerställs att systemets kapacitet minimeras samt att energieffektiviteten (tur och retur) förbättras. Dessutom presenteras en alternativ styrenhet med en variabel tidskonstant för att, i hybridenergilager, mer korrekt utnyttja den sekundära energilagringsenheten. Dessutom, trots att de bidrar till integreringen av varierande förnybar energi, är fortfarande energilagringssystem kopplade till utsläpp av växthusgaser under hela deras livscykel (från vaggan till graven). Denna avhandling presenterar en metod för livscykelanalys och utvärderar utsläppen av växthusgaser från hybridenergilagringssystem, under dess livscykel, i förnybara kraftsystem. Olika kombinationer jämförs för att hitta den mest lämpliga situationen och förutsäger potentialen för energilagring för att uppnå ett 100 % förnybart kraftsystem med låga utsläpp.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. xv, 66
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2022:75
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-321517 (URN)978-91-8040-432-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-12-14, Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/61691420819, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Kungl Tekniska högskolan, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
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QC 20221117

Available from: 2022-11-17 Created: 2022-11-17 Last updated: 2022-12-05Bibliographically approved

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Jiao, YangMånsson, Daniel

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