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Motion cueing for winter test conditions
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center for ECO2 Vehicle design. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Vehicle Engineering and Solid Mechanics, Vehicle Dynamics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9259-6432
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center for ECO2 Vehicle design. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Vehicle Engineering and Solid Mechanics, Vehicle Dynamics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8928-0368
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center for ECO2 Vehicle design. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Vehicle Engineering and Solid Mechanics, Vehicle Dynamics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1426-1936
2022 (English)In: IAVSD 2021: Advances in Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads and Tracks II, Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH , 2022, p. 888-901Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper investigates the tuning of motion cues in dynamic driving simulators for EPAS (Electronic power assisted steering) tuning in winter conditions. The study investigates the differences in frequency content of the vehicle states yaw rate and lateral acceleration between dry and winter EPAS tuning. Based on the results from this investigation, which shows an increased spectral density of low frequency content in both yaw rate and lateral acceleration, coordinated tilt is added to the motion cueing, to give the driver low frequency lateral acceleration feedback. The tilt coordination filter is tuned using offline optimisation based on logged data. The resulting MCA is evaluated objectively using a linear model of a driving simulator and subjectively through driving around a winter test track with six test drivers. The test is conducted using a pairwise comparison of two different settings, one setting without and another with added tilt coordination. Objective metrics shows reduction in lateral false cues, increased correlation between actual vehicle acceleration and simulator acceleration and an increased spectral density below 0.30 Hz. The pairwise comparison and the commentary feedback shows potential in adding tilt coordination with more drivers favouring tilt coordination, however statistical significance cannot be reached due to the low number of drivers.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH , 2022. p. 888-901
Series
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, ISSN 2195-4356, E-ISSN 2195-4364
Keywords [en]
Driving simulator, Motion cueing, Tilt Coordination, Vehicle dynamics, Winter test
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-309472DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-07305-2_82Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85136965410OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-309472DiVA, id: diva2:1642128
Conference
27th Symposium of the International Association of Vehicle System Dynamics, IAVSD 2021, Virtual/Online, 17-19 August 2021
Funder
Vinnova
Note

QC 20230626

Available from: 2022-03-03 Created: 2022-03-03 Last updated: 2026-08-10Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Objective motion cueing tuning for vehicle dynamics evaluation in winter conditions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Objective motion cueing tuning for vehicle dynamics evaluation in winter conditions
2024 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Vehicle manufacturers strive for an increasingly efficient and faster development process. Although computer-aided engineering has made significant progress toward a fully virtual development process, a challenge remains in integrating human subjective feedback to fully close the virtual development loop. Subjective assessment of ride and driving characteristics are still very important traits of a passenger car. Moving-base driving simulators have the ability to introduce the human into the virtual development loop, thus enabling subjective assessment of virtual vehicle models. Such an introduction has the potential to significantly speed up the development process and at the same time save resources by avoiding physical testing and providing informed decisions in the early phase of vehicle development cycles. The challenge to do so lies in the possibility to evaluate a vehicle in a driving simulator, which is highly dependent on the motion cueing.

Motion cueing algorithms are used to map the vehicle motion into the confined workspace of a driving simulator. As of today, these algorithms are still often tuned and evaluated subjectively. The challenge with this approach is that it does not guarantee the fidelity of the cueing and it needs physical vehicles to be compared with. This work thus focuses on the objective development and evaluation of motion cueing, which potentially could enable high fidelity motion cueing in the early stages of the vehicle development process, when prototypes are not available. This is very important for winter testing since the testing is challenging with regards to ambient conditions, the limited testing season and the increasing need to speed up the development process.

The goal of this work is to move towards an objective approach to cueing evaluation based on physical models combining vehicle model, simulator, and human. Therefore, this thesis presents an objective methodology to motion cueing evaluation and development. Based on the state-of-the-art review, this work addresses the need for simple linear models to evaluate the fidelity of motion cueing algorithms. The linear model is applied to the problem of positioning the longitudinal axis of rotation of the simulator cabin and shows promising results when compared to time series-based optimisation and subjective assessment. Furthermore, using the same model to improve the motion cueing by introducing tilt coordination shows that even though the immersion is improved, the tilt coordination changes the perceived vehicle characteristics. To objectively evaluate different yaw cueing strategies in winter conditions, a more detailed human model is introduced that extends the state-of-the-art vestibular organ models by introducing gaze stabilisation using a model of the vestibulo-collic reflex. The cueing evaluation indicates the potential of separating slip angle feedback from the high-pass filtering of motion cues, as well as the advantage of using the vehicle’s motion as a target for cueing optimisation rather than the human vestibular response in winter handling evaluation.

By addressing the inherent skewing of vehicle characteristics in motion cueing and suggesting improvements to the evaluation and cueing strategies, this work contributes to the possibility of virtually evaluating the vehicle dynamic characteristics in driving simulators under winter conditions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 49
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2024:24
Keywords
Motion cueing, objective methods, driving simulator, subjective assessment, motion perception
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Research subject
Vehicle and Maritime Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-346493 (URN)978-91-8040-923-0 (ISBN)
Presentation
2024-06-13, Munin, Teknikringen 8, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Vinnova, 2016-05195TrenOp, Transport Research Environment with Novel Perspectives
Available from: 2024-05-20 Created: 2024-05-16 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved
2. Towards objective motion cueing tuning in driving simulators for vehicle dynamics evaluation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Towards objective motion cueing tuning in driving simulators for vehicle dynamics evaluation
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Vehicle manufacturers face increasing pressure to reduce development time and costs while maintaining vehicle performance. Although computer-aided engineering has enabled a largely virtual development process, a key limitation remains: the integration of human subjective assessment. Ride and handling characteristics are inherently perceptual and still rely on physical testing, thus delaying feedback to later development stages.

Moving-base driving simulators offer a way to introduce the human into the virtual loop and enable early subjective evaluation of vehicle models. However, their effectiveness depends on the motion cueing,which maps vehicle motion to the limited workspace of the simulator. These algorithms are still largely tuned subjectively, which requires physical reference data and offers limited assurance of fidelity. This restricts their usefulness in early-phase development, particularly during winter testing when conditions are difficult and testing opportunities are limited.

The goal of this work is to establish an objective approach to motion cueing evaluation and development based on physically interpretable models combining vehicle dynamics, simulator motion and human perception. This leads to a shift in perspective, wherein motion cueing is treated as a vehicle dynamics representation problem rather than a simulator control problem.

The thesis demonstrates that objective evaluation is possible using simple linear models, which are applied to analyse cueing fidelity and to determine the positioning of the longitudinal axis of rotation, showing good agreement with both optimisation-based and subjective methods. The results show that the motion reference point has a first-order influence on perceived motion and can introduce systematic distortions.

Similarly, tilt coordination is shown to improve immersion while altering perceived vehicle characteristics. Moreover, conventional vestibular models are extended with head-neck dynamics and gaze stabilisation to better capture perception. This highlights that motion cueing is constrained by visualinertial coupling and that cabin-fixed vestibular models alone are insufficient.

The work further shows that vehicle motion should be partitioned into path-related and vehicle-relative path components. Path-related motion is unbounded and must be limited by simulator constraints, while vehicle-relative path motion is bounded and can be reproduced more accurately. This enables selective filtering that preserves key motion components, in contrast with conventional approaches wherein all states are treated uniformly. Using this framework, separating slip angle feedback from high-pass filtered cues improves yaw representation, and separating vehicle roll and pitch from road-induced motion enables more consistent cueing compared to classical and model predictive approaches. It is also shown that motion scaling inherently distorts vehicle dynamics and that meaningful scaling needs to preserve key state relationships, thus leading to constraints on how lateral acceleration and yaw rate should be scaled.

Finally, simulator limitations are addressed explicitly by using reachability-based methods that enable objective offline tuning of motion cueing within the available workspace to maximise the simulator usage for a given motion cueing and manoeuvre.

Overall, the thesis establishes a perception-aware and vehicle-centric framework for motion cueing. By exploring how cueing alters perceived vehicle characteristics and providing objective methods for evaluation and design, the work supports the use of driving simulators for reliable vehicle dynamics assessment in early-phase development.

Abstract [sv]

Fordonstillverkare står inför ett ökande behov av att utveckla fordon snabbare och mer resurseffektivt. Trots att datorstödd teknik har möjliggjort en virtuell utvecklingsprocess kvarstår en utmaning i att integrera människans subjektiva bedömning. Bedömning av köregenskaper och åkkomfort är i grunden subjektiv vilket innebär att fysisk provning ofta krävs.

Körsimulatorer med rörelseplattformar möjliggör att människan kan integreras i den virtuella utvecklingscykeln och att fordonsmodeller kan utvärderas subjektivt i ett tidigt skede. Detta kan öka utvecklingstakten och minska behovet av resurskrävande fysisk provning. Effektiviteten är dock beroende av rörelseåterkopplingen (motion cueing), där fordonets rörelse måste anpassas till simulatorns begränsade arbetsutrymme. Dessa algoritmer utvecklas och utvärderas i dagsläget huvudsakligen subjektivt, vilket kräver fysiska referensdata och reducerar precisionen. Detta begränsar användbarheten i tidiga utvecklingsfaser.

Målet med detta arbete är att etablera ett objektivt angreppssätt för utvärdering och utveckling av rörelseåterkoppling via fysikaliskt tolkningsbara modeller som kombinerar fordonsdynamik, simulatordynamik och mänsklig perception. Detta innebär ett perspektivskifte där rörelseåterkopplingen blir ett representationsproblem av fordonsdynamik snarare än ett reglerproblem av simulatorn.

Avhandlingen demonstrerar att objektiv utvärdering är möjlig med hjälp av enkla linjära modeller, vilka används för att analysera rörelseåterkopplingens kvalitet samt för att bestämma placeringen av simulatorplattformens longitudinella rotationsaxel. Resultaten visar god överensstämmelse med såväl optimeringsbaserade metoder som subjektiv bedömning. Vidare visas att valet av referenspunkt för rörelsen har en första ordningens effekt på rörelseåterkopplingen och kan introducera systematiska förvrängningar. Dessutom påvisas att koordinerad lutning kan förbättra upplevelsen, samtidigt som det förändrar de upplevda fordonsegenskaperna, vilket kan orsaka problem under utvärderingar. För att bättre beskriva den mänskliga perceptionen utvidgas konventionella vestibulära modeller med huvudnackdynamik och blickstabilisering. Detta visar att rörelseåterkopplingen begränsas av kopplingen mellan visuella och inertiala signaler, och att modeller baserade enbart på vestibulär respons i ett kabinfixerat referenssystem inte är tillräckliga.

Arbetet visar vidare att fordonsrörelser kan delas upp i vägrelaterade och fordon-relativt-väg komponenter. Den vägrelaterade rörelsen är obunden och måste filtreras för att få plats i simulatorns arbetsutrymme, medan fordon-relativt-väg rörelsen i allmänhet är begränsad av fordonsdynamiken och därmed kan återges med högre noggrannhet. Detta möjliggör selektiv filtrering av rörelseåterkopplingen, till skillnad från konventionella metoder där samtliga tillstånd filtreras tillsammans. Med detta ramverk visas att en separation av avdriftsvinkelrespons från högpassfiltrerade signaler kan förbättra återgivningen av girrörelsen, samt att en separation av krängnings- och nickrörelser från väginducerad rörelse ger fördelar jämfört med både klassiska och modellprediktiva metoder. Det visas också att skalning av rörelser i sig innebär en förvrängning av fordonsdynamiken, och att en meningsfull skalning behöver bevara centrala samband mellan tillstånd, vilket leder till begränsningar för hur lateralacceleration och girhastighet bör skalas. Slutligen behandlas simulatorns begränsningar av arbetsutrymme explicit genom nåbarhetsbaserade metoder, vilket möjliggör objektiv offlineanpassning av rörelseåterkopping inom det tillgängliga arbetsutrymmet.

Genom att analysera hur rörelseåterkopplingen påverkar upplevda fordonsegenskaper och föreslå förbättringar i både utvärdering och utveckling av motion cueing-strategier bidrar detta arbete till möjligheten att använda körsimulatorer för tillförlitlig utvärdering av fordonsdynamik i tidiga utvecklingsfaser

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2026. p. xiii, 111
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2026:19
Keywords
Motion cueing, objective methods, driving simulator, subjective assessment, motion perception, Motion cueing, rörelseåterkoppling, objektiva metoder, körsimulator, subjektiv utvärdering, rörelseuppfattning
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Research subject
Vehicle and Maritime Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-386620 (URN)978-91-8106-671-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-09-03, F3, Lindstedtvägen 26 & 28, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Vinnova, 2016-05195TrenOp, Transport Research Environment with Novel Perspectives
Note

QC 2026-08-12

Available from: 2026-08-12 Created: 2026-08-10 Last updated: 2026-08-19Bibliographically approved

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Hvitfeldt, HenrikDrugge, LarsJerrelind, Jenny

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