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The emergence of protected spaces for biochar as a climate solution in Sweden: strategic niche management and actor-perspectives
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Energy Processes.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2878-8656
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Energy Processes.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3315-4201
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This study provides a strategic niche management perspective on the development of biochar as a carbon sink in Sweden. While carbon removal is vital to mitigate climate change, policy incentives are limited. Swedish state aid to biochar is one exception. Using biochar project documentation and interviews, this paper explores the significance of state aid for the development of a biochar niche in Sweden and how the niche compares with actors’ expectations on biochar. The analysis shows that biochar production systems address a range of social problems in addition to climate change. State aid is crucial for Swedish biochar production, facilitating, inter alia, diffusion and learning in the energy, waste, horticulture, and agriculture sectors. However, state aid regulation limits support to carbon sinks, providing more favourable conditions for support of biocoke to substitute coal. Lack of broadly articulated expectations on biochar prevents relating it to policy goals which would incentivise deployment.

Keywords [en]
Biochar, carbon dioxide removal (CDR), Sweden, the Climate Leap Program (Klimatklivet), strategic niche management, Climate change policy, co-benefits
National Category
Social Sciences Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified Other Earth Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-323515OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-323515DiVA, id: diva2:1732856
Projects
Opening the portfolio of negative emissions technologies: A comprehensive study of social, techno-economic and ethical dimensions of biomass-based NETs in Sweden and Tanzania
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 46222-1Swedish Energy Agency, 46036-1Swedish Research Council Formas, 2019-01993Swedish Research Council Formas, 2019-01973
Note

QC 20230202

Available from: 2023-01-31 Created: 2023-01-31 Last updated: 2025-02-01Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Assessing Carbon Dioxide Removal methods amid uncertainty: soil carbon sequestration, biochar and harvested wood products as methods for climate change mitigation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Assessing Carbon Dioxide Removal methods amid uncertainty: soil carbon sequestration, biochar and harvested wood products as methods for climate change mitigation
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Measures to sequester carbon dioxide (CO2) away from the atmosphere have become increasingly important in the discussion of which methods humans can employ to limit global warming. These measures, which are broad and varied, fall under the umbrella of Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) methods. CDR methods can be used to reach so-called net-zero targets, since targets are politically determined to allow for CDR methods to compensate for some emissions that are hard to abate.

Several CDR methods provide co-benefits in addition to mitigating climate change. They are therefore not pure climate measures. Using an interdisciplinary approach and a methodology including quantitative estimates and interview data, I investigate how some important CDR methods with co-benefits may be assessed and potentially supported by policy. Soil carbon sequestration using solar powered irrigation systems in the drylands of China, biochar-producing cookstoves in Tanzania, and biochar and wood-based panel production using forestry by-products in Sweden are CDR methods that I assess in their local context in this thesis.

To increase the ambitions towards reaching the climate goals set out in the Paris Agreement, some countries, such as Sweden, are looking to invest in international mitigation activities. This thesis illustrates that there is a heavy focus on measurable parameters when estimating the outcome of international climate change mitigation activities. However, unmeasurable uncertainties, such as political issues and economic rebound effects, tend to be neglected. These unmeasurable uncertainties are likely to be important and cannot be neglected if international mitigation activities, for example under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, are to be used to reach net-zero targets.

Designing policy instruments that seek to encourage the use of CDR methods with co-benefits based on their ability to store CO2 may cause unintended consequences, such as inefficient use of resources. In addition, many of the co-benefits are not yet supported by scientific studies, which complicates policymaking. Despite often being considered win-win solutions, CDR methods with co-benefits face resistance since they often challenge current practices. In this thesis, I suggest various approaches to manage these uncertainties and challenges.

Abstract [sv]

Åtgärder för att lagra koldioxid (CO2) har blivit allt viktigare när metoder för att begränsa den globala uppvärmningen diskuteras. Det finns en rad åtgärder som är relativt olika varandra men som alla faller under paraplyet koldioxidinfångning (CDR). CDR kan användas för att nå s.k. nettonollmål, eftersom målen är politiskt utformade för att möjliggöra kompensation för vissa utsläpp som bedöms vara svåra att minska.

Flera CDR-metoder har sidonyttor utöver att minska klimatförändringarna. De är alltså inte rena klimatåtgärder. Med hjälp av ett tvärvetenskapligt tillvägagångssätt med en metodik där kvantitativa uppskattningar kombineras med intervjuer och andra kvalitativa metoder, undersöker jag hur några viktiga CDR-metoder med sidonyttor kan bedömas och potentiellt stödjas med politiska styrmedel. Kolinbindning i marken med hjälp av solcellsdrivna bevattningssystem i Kina, biokolproducerande spisar i Tanzania, samt biokol och produktion av träpaneler med hjälp av rester från skogsbruket i Sverige är de CDR-metoder som jag utvärderar i deras lokala sammanhang i denna avhandling.

För att öka ambitionerna och nå de klimatmål som antagits inom Parisavtalet planerar vissa länder, t.ex. Sverige, att investera i internationella samarbetsåtgärder. I avhandlingen illustreras att det finns ett stort fokus på mätbara parametrar när resultatet av internationella projekt för att minska klimatförändringarna uppskattas. Detta fokus tenderar att försumma osäkerheter som är omätbara, såsom politiska frågor och ekonomiska rekyleffekter. Dessa omätbara osäkerheter är sannolikt viktiga och kan inte försummas om internationella klimatprojekt, till exempel under Artikel 6 i Parisavtalet, ska användas för att nå klimatmål.

Att utforma styrmedel som syftar till att stödja användningen av CDR-metoder med sidonyttor baserat på deras förmåga att lagra CO2 kan få en del oavsiktliga följder, såsom ineffektivt resursanvändande. Många av de påstådda sidonyttorna stöds dessutom ännu inte av vetenskapliga studier, vilket komplicerar beslutsfattandet. Trots att de ofta anses vara s.k. vinn-vinn-lösningar, möter CDR-metoder med sidonyttor motstånd eftersom de ofta utmanar etablerade strukturer. I denna avhandling föreslår jag olika tillvägagångssätt för att hantera dessa osäkerheter och utmaningar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 96
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2023:4
Keywords
Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR); Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs); Soil Organic Carbon; Biochar; Harvested Wood Products (HWP); Socio-technical systems; Strategic Niche Management (SNM)
National Category
Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified Other Chemical Engineering
Research subject
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-323520 (URN)978-91-8040-487-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-03-10, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/meeting/register/u5Ekce2gqjoqG9zFstQCyo8ZsEiKWIRjKcfI, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
Demonstration and Scale-Up of Photovoltaic Solar Water Pumping for the Conservation of Grassland and Farmland in China. SIDA Project No.: AKT-2010-040.Opening the portfolio of negative emissions technologies: A comprehensive study of social, techno-economic and ethical dimensions of biomass-based NETs in Sweden and Tanzania
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas
Note

QC 2023-02-15

Available from: 2023-02-15 Created: 2023-02-15 Last updated: 2025-05-05Bibliographically approved

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Olsson, AlexanderGrönkvist, Stefan

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