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Towards a Scenario-based Spatial Dynamic Modeling for Predicting Urban Land Use Change: Planning Tools and Comparative Analysis
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Resources, Energy and Infrastructure.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7219-2222
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

As global urbanization progresses, cities worldwide are growing in size, which leads to many economic, environmental, and management challenges. Recent advancements in spatial data analysis and algorithmic geography have also led to the development of various urban model-based planning support systems (PSS) for urban planning. These PSSs aim to assist urban decision-makers in understanding urban information and collaborating on planning to address urban development challenges. Advanced urban planning concepts are, however, always multidisciplinary, multi-situational, and continuously evolving. In addition to the development of more advanced urban information and communications technology (ICT) and management, planning concepts that promote urban health and sustainable development are needed to meet residents’ physical, spiritual, and social needs, and promote more sustainable lifestyles. These factors create the need for a more rigorous methodological and theoretical foundation to apply PSS to urban planning at the microscale. 

A scenario-based spatial dynamic modeling approach is proposed in this thesis to address this research gap, allowing for a more precise matching of local policy scenarios and desired development patterns for practical planning support purposes. Several urban development scenarios and their potential impacts are explored by analyzing future urban land use changes. The establishment of this planning support approach effectively integrates spatial analysis, simulation model, policy revision, and participative planning. First, the thesis examines the rules and correlations underlying land unit transformations resulting from human-land interactions in spatial dynamic models by investigating mechanisms driving changes in urban land use. Second, a series of possible urban development simulations are generated through several case studies that employ a variety of representative cities with different urban contexts as model test sites including Nanjing in China, Stockholm in Sweden, and Chicago in the USA to evaluate their validity and practicality. Socioeconomics, ecological systems, and urban amenities are among the research themes that provide a more realistic and practical view of urban development. Last, visualization of the simulation results and quantitative information analyses and transformation is utilized to arrive at recommendations for revising planning policies and promoting sustainable development strategies.

The challenge of adapting successful experiences of urban transformation from one city to another is considerable and cannot be achieved by merely replicating single projects or developments. An important goal was to address this challenge by developing general methods for model-assisted planning and then exploring their applicability and scalability across different contexts and geographical regions. Obtained results confirm that prioritizing industrial and transportation sectors in urban development is the most significant factor contributing to the rapid expansion of cities. This allocation of resources leads to the development of supporting infrastructure and employment opportunities, thereby attracting more people and industries to urban areas. Limiting the expansion of built-up areas and preserving green spaces is a desired measure to protect natural assets and the composition of cities and mitigate the negative environmental consequences of urbanization. Moreover, it is found that there are significant differences in the spatial and temporal needs and dependencies of residents in different areas with respect to natural and social amenities, providing a basis for future land development in residential and commercial areas of a city. Based on these findings, policymakers can more readily test and evaluate “what-if” scenarios using a process-based approach to avoid uncontrolled urban growth. In spite of limitations and uncertainties, the tools presented in this thesis are relevant for urban policymakers to enhance stakeholder interaction and consensus building in the decision-making process. This work has demonstrated the methodological steps for the implementation of these tools, as well as the general potential benefits of dynamic modeling for sustainable city planning and development.

Abstract [sv]

I takt med den globala urbaniseringen växer städerna världen över i storlek, vilket leder till många ekonomiska, miljömässiga och förvaltningsmässiga utmaningar. De senaste framstegen inom rumslig dataanalys och algoritmisk geografi har också lett till utvecklingen av olika stadsmodellbaserade planeringsstödsystem (PSS) för stadsplanering. Syftet med dessa stödsystem är att hjälpa beslutsfattare i städerna att förstå information om städer och att samarbeta i planeringen för att ta itu med utmaningarna i fråga om stadsutveckling. Avancerade stadsplaneringskoncept är dock alltid tvärvetenskapliga, mångsidiga och i ständig utveckling. Förutom utvecklingen av mer avancerad informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) samt förvaltning i städerna behövs planeringskoncept som främjar hälsa och hållbar utveckling i städerna för att tillgodose invånarnas fysiska, andliga och sociala behov och främja mer hållbara livsstilar. Dessa faktorer skapar ett behov av en mer rigorös metodologisk och teoretisk grund för att tillämpa PSS på stadsplanering i mikroskala.

I denna avhandling föreslås en scenariobaserad rumslig dynamisk modellering för att åtgärda denna forskningslucka och möjliggöra en mer exakt matchning av lokala politiska scenarier och önskade utvecklingsmönster för praktiskt planeringsstöd. Flera stadsutvecklingsscenarier och deras potentiella effekter undersöks genom att analysera framtida förändringar i markanvändningen i städerna. Genom att införa denna strategi för planeringsstöd integreras rumslig analys, simuleringsmodell, översyn av politiken och deltagande planering på ett effektivt sätt. För det första undersöks i avhandlingen de regler och samband som ligger till grund för omvandlingar av markenheter till följd av interaktioner mellan människor och mark i rumsliga dynamiska modeller genom att undersöka mekanismer som driver förändringar i markanvändningen i städerna. För det andra genereras en rad möjliga simuleringar av stadsutveckling genom flera fallstudier där en rad representativa städer med olika urbana sammanhang används som testplatser för modellerna, bland annat Nanjing i Kina, Stockholm i Sverige och Chicago i USA, för att utvärdera deras giltighet och praktiska användbarhet. Socioekonomi, ekologiska system och stadsutrustning är några av de forskningsteman som ger en mer realistisk och praktisk syn på stadsutveckling. Slutligen används visualisering av simuleringsresultaten och kvantitativa informationsanalyser och omvandling för att komma fram till rekommendationer för att se över planeringspolitiken och främja strategier för hållbar utveckling.

Utmaningen att anpassa framgångsrika erfarenheter av stadsomvandling från en stad till en annan är stor och kan inte uppnås genom att bara replikera enskilda projekt eller utvecklingsprojekt. Ett viktigt mål var att ta itu med denna utmaning genom att utveckla allmänna metoder för modellstödd planering och sedan undersöka deras tillämpbarhet och skalbarhet i olika sammanhang och geografiska regioner. De erhållna resultaten bekräftar att prioritering av industri- och transportsektorerna i stadsutvecklingen är den viktigaste faktorn som bidrar till städernas snabba expansion. En sådan fördelning av resurser leder till utvecklingen av stödjande infrastruktur och sysselsättningsmöjligheter och lockar därmed fler människor och industrier till stadsområden. Att begränsa expansionen av bebyggda områden och bevara grönområden är en önskvärd åtgärd för att skydda städernas naturtillgångar och sammansättning och mildra de negativa miljökonsekvenserna av urbaniseringen. Dessutom konstateras det att det finns betydande skillnader i de rumsliga och tidsmässiga behoven och beroendena hos invånarna i olika områden för att uppnå naturlig och social bekvämlighet, vilket ger en grund för framtida markutveckling i bostads- och handelsområden i en stad. Baserat på dessa resultat kan beslutsfattare lättare testa och utvärdera scenarier med hjälp av en processbaserad metod för att undvika okontrollerad stadstillväxt. Trots begränsningar och osäkerheter är de verktyg som presenteras i denna avhandling relevanta för beslutsfattare i städerna för att förbättra interaktionen mellan intressenterna och samförståndsskapande i beslutsprocessen. Detta arbete har presenterat de metodologiska stegen för genomförandet av dessa verktyg, liksom de allmänna potentiella fördelarna med dynamisk modellering för hållbar stadsplanering och utveckling.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. , p. 78
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2311
Keywords [en]
urbanization, planning support system, spatial dynamic model, urban land use change, spatial analysis, human-land interaction, socioeconomics, ecological systems, urban amenities, environmental impact assessment, what-if, decision-making
Keywords [sv]
urbanisering, planeringsstödsystem, rumslig dynamisk modell, förändring av stadsmarkanvändning, rumslig analys, mänsklig-land interaktion, socioekonomi, ekologiska system, urbana bekvämligheter, miljökonsekvensbeskrivning, vad-om, beslutsfattande
National Category
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Research subject
Land and Water Resources Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-324777ISBN: 978-91-8040-504-1 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-324777DiVA, id: diva2:1743647
Public defence
2023-04-12, F3,Lindstedtsvägen 26, KTH Campus, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63026610162, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC230321

Available from: 2023-03-21 Created: 2023-03-15 Last updated: 2023-04-05Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Spatial dynamic modelling for urban scenario planning: A case study of Nanjing, China
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Spatial dynamic modelling for urban scenario planning: A case study of Nanjing, China
2020 (English)In: Environment and planning B: Urban analytics and city science, ISSN 2399-8083, E-ISSN 2399-8091, Vol. 47, no 8, p. 1380-1396Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Although urban scenario planning is widely applied for exploring various directions of urban development, it often has high requirements on the medium of quantitative information analysis and transformation. Thus, this study establishes a method of combining scenario planning with a spatial dynamic planning support system to predict urban growth. Specifically, a scenario-based spatial dynamic modelling method is integrated with the information module of planning policy for better decision support. The integrated modelling method is applied for an actual urban land use planning case of Nanjing, an evolving city in China. The spatial forms of future urban land use are simulated under four different pre-set policy scenarios. The differences in simulated results under multi-criteria restrictions reveal the effectiveness and practical value of the integration approach. The findings of this study provide policymakers with a process-based approach to test and evaluate ‘what-if’ consequences and help stakeholders reach consensus.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SAGE Publications, 2020
Keywords
planning support system, Scenario planning, urban land use, urban spatial dynamics, what-if, decision support system, land use planning, modeling, planning legislation, scenario analysis, spatial analysis, urban growth, urban planning, China, Jiangsu, Nanjing [Jiangsu]
National Category
Physical Geography Human Geography
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-288076 (URN)10.1177/2399808320934818 (DOI)000543487500001 ()2-s2.0-85086846727 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20201228

Available from: 2020-12-28 Created: 2020-12-28 Last updated: 2024-09-02Bibliographically approved
2. Socioecological informed comparative modeling to promote sustainable urban policy transitions: Case study in Chicago and Stockholm
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Socioecological informed comparative modeling to promote sustainable urban policy transitions: Case study in Chicago and Stockholm
Show others...
2021 (English)In: Journal of Cleaner Production, ISSN 0959-6526, E-ISSN 1879-1786, Vol. 281, article id 125050Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Adapting successes of policy transition from one city to another has been more difficult than single case of successful sustainability-driven projects and developments. A thorough understanding of local biophysical and socio-economic conditions is essential in formulating effective development plans and policies. Here, we propose the use of a social-ecological model as a comparative tool to help understand these critical components in order to inform sustainability-driven strategic interventions and best practice learning. We use the cities of Chicago and Stockholm as our comparison cases, and explore the spatial relationships between development patterns and accessibility attractors such as employment, transportation, and recreational opportunities. Potential environmental impacts are evaluated for comparison using ecosystem service value and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The results indicate that although each city exhibits distinctive patterns of development, there are commonalities to build on for potential adaption strategies. For example, to mitigate the high ecosystem service and NDVI losses of Chicago from urban development, what can be learned from Stockholm are: 1) promoting infill for future residential development; and 2) stronger restrictions on both commercial and residential developments on buffer zones of valuable ecosystem services, especially waterways. These findings help us to understand the driving forces of different patterns of urban growth and to give suggestions on city-specific sustainability policies.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2021
Keywords
Comparative study, Ecosystem services, Land use/cover change, Social-ecological system, Urban sustainability
National Category
Physical Geography
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-291152 (URN)10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125050 (DOI)000609019000019 ()2-s2.0-85096860511 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20210303

Available from: 2021-03-03 Created: 2021-03-03 Last updated: 2023-03-21Bibliographically approved
3. How Does ICT Expansion Drive "Smart" Urban Growth?: A Case Study of Nanjing, China
Open this publication in new window or tab >>How Does ICT Expansion Drive "Smart" Urban Growth?: A Case Study of Nanjing, China
2020 (English)In: Urban Planning, E-ISSN 2183-7635, Vol. 5, no 1, p. 129-139Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In the context of accelerated urbanization, socioeconomic development, and population growth, as well as the rapid advancement of information and communication technology (ICT), urban land is rapidly expanding worldwide. Unplanned urban growth has led to the low utilization efficiency of land resources. Also, ecological and agricultural lands are continuously sacrificed for urban construction, which in the long-term may severely impact the health of citizens in cities. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms and driving forces of a city's urban land use changes, including the influence of ICT development, is therefore crucial to the formation of optimal and feasible urban planning in the new era. Taking Nanjing as a study case, this article attempts to explore the measurable "smart" driving indicators of urban land use change and analyze the tapestry of the relationship between these and urban land use change. Different from the traditional linear regression analysis method of driving force of urban land use change, this study focuses on the interaction relationship and the underlying causal relationship among various "smart" driving factors, so it adopts a fuzzy statistical method, namely the grey relational analysis (GRA). Through the integration of literature research and known effective data, five categories of "smart" indicators have been taken as the primary driving factors: industry and economy, transportation, humanities and science, ICT systems, and environmental management. The results show that these indicators have different impacts on driving urban built-up land growth. Accordingly, optimization possibilities and recommendations for development strategies are proposed to realize a "smarter" development direction in Nanjing. This article confirms the effectiveness of GRA for studies on the driving mechanisms of urban land use change and provides a theoretical basis for the development goals of a smart city.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
COGITATIO PRESS, 2020
Keywords
grey relational analysis, ICT, land use change, smart city, urban planning, urbanization
National Category
Earth Observation
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-288760 (URN)10.17645/up.v5i1.2561 (DOI)000590937500007 ()2-s2.0-85087920827 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20210111

Available from: 2021-01-11 Created: 2021-01-11 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved
4. Urban Ecosystem Vulnerability Assessment of Support Climate‐Resilient City Development
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Urban Ecosystem Vulnerability Assessment of Support Climate‐Resilient City Development
2021 (English)In: Urban Planning, E-ISSN 2183-7635, Vol. 6, no 3, p. 227-239Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Climate change poses a threat to cities. Geospatial information and communication technology (Geo-ICT) assisted planning is increasingly being utilised to foster urban sustainability and adaptability to climate change. To fill the theoretical and practical gaps of urban adaptive planning and Geo-ICT implementation, this article presents an urban ecosystem vulnerability assessment approach using integrated socio-ecological modelling. The application of the Geo-ICT method is demonstrated in a specific case study of climate-resilient city development in Nanjing (China), aiming at helping city decision-makers understand the general geographic data processing and policy revision processes in response to hypothetical future disruptions and pressures on urban social, economic, and environmental systems. Ideally, the conceptual framework of the climate-resilient city transition proposed in this study effectively integrates the geographic data analysis, policy modification, and participatory planning. In the process of model building, we put forward the index system of urban ecosystem vulnerability assessment and use the assessment result as input data for the socio-ecological model. As a result, the model reveals the interaction processes of local land use, economy, and environment, further generating an evolving state of future land use in the studied city. The findings of this study demonstrate that socio-ecological modelling can provide guidance in adjusting the human-land interaction and climate-resilient city development from the perspective of macro policy. The decision support using urban ecosystem vulnerability assessment and quantitative system modelling can be useful for urban development under a variety of environmental change scenarios.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cogitatio, 2021
Keywords
climate change, climate-resilient city, ecosystem vulnerability, Geo-ICT, socio-ecological model
National Category
Environmental Management
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300100 (URN)10.17645/up.v6i3.4208 (DOI)000708511600002 ()2-s2.0-85113815003 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250321

Available from: 2021-08-24 Created: 2021-08-24 Last updated: 2025-03-21Bibliographically approved
5. Urban spatial dynamic modeling based on urban amenity data to inform smart city planning
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Urban spatial dynamic modeling based on urban amenity data to inform smart city planning
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

An ideal form of smart city planning would focus on the availability of urban amenities that can meet the basic needs of a residents material life, civil connections, and humanistic spirit. Previous studies have concentrated on analyzing the spatial distribution of urban services, with less attention on their contribution as local urban amenities. In this study, we propose a spatial dynamic modeling approach based on urban amenities using social media data from Google Place API to provide locational information on potential resident interactions. We use a representative region in Europe (Stockholm County, SE) to simulate and project urban development in the region, until 2050. Our circular conceptual framework of spatial information and feedback supports decision-makers in testing possible urban planning scenarios that align with the vision of a smart city. Simulation results reveal the interplay between human-land interactions on a specific spatial-temporal scale, and we analyze scenario outcomes in relation to commercial and residential land uses. Overall, our study provides a new perspective on human-social behavior-driven urban development, through a smart, spatial dynamic model as a planning support system that can enhance accuracy and realism, and ultimately help realize planned development objectives in the region.

Keywords
smart city, urban planning, spatial dynamic model, urban amenities, human-land interaction, human-social behavior, planning support system
National Category
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Research subject
Planning and Decision Analysis; Planning and Decision Analysis, Urban and Regional Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-324776 (URN)
Note

QC 20230316

Available from: 2023-03-15 Created: 2023-03-15 Last updated: 2023-03-21Bibliographically approved

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