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What influences occupants' behavior in residential buildings: An experimental study on window operation in the KTH Live-In Lab
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Centres, Digital futures.ORCID iD: 0009-0002-3546-8933
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control). KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Centres, Digital futures.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6367-6302
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control). KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Centres, Digital futures.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9083-5260
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control). KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Centres, Digital futures.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9940-5929
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2023 (English)In: 2023 IEEE Conference on Control Technology and Applications, CCTA 2023, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2023, p. 752-758Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

 Window-opening and window-closing behaviors play an important role in indoor environmental conditions and therefore have an impact on building energy efficiency. On the other hand, the same environmental conditions drive occupants to interact with windows. Understanding this mutual relationship of interaction between occupants and the residential building is thus crucial to improve energy efficiency without disregarding occupants' comfort. This paper investigates the influence of physical environmental variables (i.e., indoor and outside climate parameters) and categorical variables (i.e., time of the day) on occupants' behavior patterns related to window operation, utilizing a multivariate logistic regression analysis. The data considered in this study are collected during winter months, when the effect on the energy consumption of the window operation is the highest, at a Swedish residential building, the KTH Live-In Lab, accommodating four occupants in separate studio apartments. Although all the occupants seem to share a sensitivity to some common factors, such as air quality and time of the day, we can also observe individual variability with respect to the most significant drivers influencing window operation behaviors. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2023. p. 752-758
National Category
Control Engineering Energy Systems
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-336515DOI: 10.1109/CCTA54093.2023.10253188Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85173867654OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-336515DiVA, id: diva2:1796536
Conference
2023 IEEE Conference on Control Technology and Applications, CCTA 2023, Bridgetown, Barbados, August 16-18, 2023
Projects
Cost-and Energy-Efficient Control Systems for BuildingsCLAS–Cybersäkra lärande reglersystemSwedish Research Council Distinguished Professor GrantHiSS - Humanizing the Sustainable Smart CityKnut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation Wallenberg Scholar Grant
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 47859-1Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, RIT17-0046Swedish Research Council, 2017-0107
Note

Part of ISBN 9798350335446

QC 20250922

Available from: 2023-09-12 Created: 2023-09-12 Last updated: 2025-09-22Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Towards Human-in-the-Loop Smart Buildings: Data-Driven Predictive Control and Occupant Modeling
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Towards Human-in-the-Loop Smart Buildings: Data-Driven Predictive Control and Occupant Modeling
2025 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The building sector accounts for almost 40% of the European Union’s total energy consumption, and a large portion of this consumption is related to heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. In addition to HVAC loads, occupant behavior plays a critical role in building energy use. However, traditional energy performance analyses typically model occupants as passive recipients of indoor conditions rather than as active participants who influence building performance. Such simplifications can lead to notable discrepancies between predicted and actual energy use. Motivated by this challenge, this thesis develops robust data-driven predictive control methods that can explicitly account for uncertainties. This method can be useful at a later stage for including the impact of occupant behaviors in smart building control. Moreover, occupant behavior models are developed by leveraging high-resolution measurements from the KTH Live-In Lab to quantify their impact on heating energy consumption. Finally, it is investigated how social interactions among occupants can improve sustainable behaviors and further reduce building energy use. 

The first technical contribution in this thesis is to design a data-driven, robust tube-based zonotopic predictive-control (TZPC) approach for unknown discrete-time linear systems with bounded uncertainties, using input–state data. We prove the recursive feasibility, robust constraint satisfaction, and the robust exponential stability of the closed-loop system. This approach is then extended to unknown nonlinear systems by exploiting reachability analysis and designing a controller that relies solely on input–output data. We prove that the proposed nonlinear zonotopic predictive control (NZPC) approach satisfies the constraints under any admissible bounded uncertainties.

The thesis’s second contribution examines how physical environmental and categorical variables influence occupants’ window operation in a Swedish residential building at the KTH Live-In Lab, based on four years of winter data. Using a multiple logistic regression approach, twelve distinct behavior patterns are modeled. These models are integrated into a digital model of the building to quantify their effect on heating demand. Simulation results indicate that variations in window operation patterns can increase heating energy consumption by up to three times compared to a baseline scenario without window interaction. 

Finally, this thesis includes a longitudinal experimental study with selected occupants at the KTH Live-In Lab, investigating the influence of social interactions on promoting sustainable behaviors and reducing energy consumption. The study highlights that digitalizing households into socially interconnected networks effectively improves sustainable lifestyle choices, such as optimized resource use and consumption.

Abstract [sv]

Fastigheter står för nästan 40% av den Europeiska unionens totala energiförbrukning - varav en stor del är kopplad till värme-, ventilations- och luftkonditioneringssystem (HVAC). Utöver de oundvikliga lasterna från HVAC spelar de boendes beteende en avgörande betydelse för byggnaders energianvändning. Trots detta brukar traditionella analyser av energiprestanda modellera de boende som passiva snarare än aktiva aktörer som påverkar inomhusklimatet och i förlängningen byggnadens prestanda. Sådana förenklingar kan leda till betydande avvikelser mellan uppskattad och faktisk energianvändning. Motiverat av denna utmaning utvecklar detta arbete robusta datadrivna prediktiva styrmetoder som explicit tar hänsyn till osäkerheter. Dessa metoder kan vara användbara i ett senare skede för att inkludera effekten av de boendes beteende i smarta byggnaders styrsystem. Dessutom utvecklas modeller för de boendes beteende genom att utnyttja högupplösta mätningar från KTH Live-In Lab för att kvantifiera deras påverkan på energiförbrukningen för uppvärmning. Slutligen undersöks hur sociala interaktioner mellan de boende kan främja hållbara beteenden och ytterligare minska byggnaders energianvändning.

Avhandlingens första tekniska bidrag är en datadriven, robust “tube''-baserad zonotopisk prediktiv styrmetod (TZPC) utformad för okända diskreta linjära system med begränsade osäkerheter, baserad på indata och tillståndsdata. Vi visar rekursiv lösbarhet, robust tillfredsställelse av bivillkor samt robust exponentiell stabilitet av det återkopplade systemet. Metoden utvidgas sedan till okända icke-linjära system genom att använda “reachability analysis” och utforma styrsystem som enbart bygger på indata och utdata. Vi bevisar att den föreslagna icke-linjära zonotopbaserade prediktiva styrningen (NZPC) uppfyller bivillkoren under alla tillåtna störningar med begränsat avvikelseintervall.

Avhandlingens andra bidrag undersöker hur fysiska miljövariabler och kategoriska variabler påverkar boendes beteende i en svensk bostad vid KTH Live-In Lab, baserat på fyra års vinterdata. Med hjälp av multipel logistisk regressionsanalys modelleras tolv distinkta beteendemönster. Dessa modeller integreras i en digital byggnadsmodell för att kvantifiera deras effekt på uppvärmningsbehovet. Simuleringsresultaten visar att variationer i fönsteröppningsmönster kan öka energianvändningen för uppvärmning upp till tre gånger jämfört med ett referensscenario som inte tar hänsyn till fönsterinteraktion.

Avslutningsvis innehåller denna avhandling en longitudinell experimentell studie med utvalda boenden vid KTH Live-In Lab,  där vi undersöker hur sociala interaktioner påverkar främjandet av hållbara beteenden och minskad energianvändning. Studien visar att digitalisering av hushåll till socialt sammankopplade nätverk effektivt kan främja hållbara livsstilsval, såsom optimerad resursanvändning och konsumtion.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2025. p. 55
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2025:37
National Category
Energy Engineering Control Engineering
Research subject
Energy Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369711 (URN)978-91-8106-373-8 (ISBN)
Presentation
2025-10-10, K1 / https://kth-se.zoom.us/s/63644880139, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-09-16 Created: 2025-09-14 Last updated: 2025-10-07Bibliographically approved

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Farjadnia, MahsaFontan, AngelaRusso, AlessioJohansson, Karl H.Molinari, Marco

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