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A simplified model for transition prediction applicable to wind-turbine rotors
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics, Fluid Physics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.ORCID iD: 0009-0007-8056-6109
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics, Fluid Physics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, Centres, SeRC - Swedish e-Science Research Centre.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1604-4262
Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Roskilde, Denmark .ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7185-7429
Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Roskilde, Denmark .ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3890-7519
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2021 (English)In: Wind Energy Science, ISSN 2366-7443, E-ISSN 2366-7451, Vol. 6, no 3, p. 715-736Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This work aims to develop a simple framework for transition prediction over wind-turbine blades, including effects of the blade rotation and spanwise velocity without requiring fully three-dimensional simulations. The framework is based on a set of boundary-layer equations (BLEs) and parabolized stability equations (PSEs), including rotation effects. An important element of the developed BL method is the modeling of the spanwise velocity at the boundary-layer edge. The two analyzed wind-turbine geometries correspond to a constant airfoil and the DTU 10-MW Reference Wind Turbine blades. The BL model allows an accurate prediction of thechordwise velocity profiles. Further, for regions not too close to the stagnation point and root of the blade, profiles of the spanwise velocity agree with those from Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations.The model also allows predicting inflectional velocity profiles for lower radial positions, which may allow cross-flow transition. Transition prediction is performed at several radial positions through an “envelope-of-envelopes” methodology. The results are compared with the eN method of Drela and Giles, implemented in the EllipSys3D RANS code. The RANS transition locations closely agree with those from the PSE analysis of a 2D mean flow without rotation. These results also agree with those from the developed model for cases with low 3D and rota-tion effects, such as at higher radial positions and geometries with strong adverse pressure gradients where 2D Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) waves are dominant. However, the RANS and PSE 2D models predict a later transition in the regions where 3D and rotation effects are non-negligible. The developed method, which accounts for these effects, predicted earlier transition onsets in this region (e.g., 19 % earlier than RANS at 26 % of theradius for the constant-airfoil geometry) and shows that transition may occur via highly oblique modes. These modes differ from 2D TS waves and appear in locations with inflectional spanwise velocity. However, except close to the root of the blade, crossflow transition is unlikely since the crossflow velocity is too low. At higher radial positions, where 3D and rotation effects are weaker and the adverse pressure gradient is more significant, modes with small wave angles (close to 2D) are found to be dominant. Finally, it is observed that an increase in the rotation speed modifies the spanwise velocity and increases the Coriolis and centrifugal forces, shifting the transition location closer to the leading edge. This work highlights the importance of considering the blade rotation and the three-dimensional flow generated by that in transition prediction, especially in the inner part of the blade.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Copernicus GmbH , 2021. Vol. 6, no 3, p. 715-736
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Research subject
Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-337107DOI: 10.5194/wes-6-715-2021ISI: 000656112300001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85106945683OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-337107DiVA, id: diva2:1800151
Funder
StandUpStandUp for Wind
Note

QC 20230926

Available from: 2023-09-26 Created: 2023-09-26 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Stability and transition on wind turbine blades
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Stability and transition on wind turbine blades
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Transition on wind turbine blades is a highly complex phenomenon due to the myriad effects influencing the process. This thesis studies some of them, namely free-stream turbulence (FST), rotation, and three-dimensionality. The investigations employ large eddy simulations (LES) with and without (implicit or wall-resolved LES) a subgrid-scale model. The role of FST in the modal and non-modal stability of the flow on the suction side of a wind turbine section at a Reynolds number 𝑅𝑒𝑐 = 100,000 is studied. This involved several simulations at varying turbulence intensity (𝑇𝐼) and primary and secondary linear stability analyses. The separated shear layers strongly govern the flow stability with the characteristic Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) modes. Low FST levels increase the growth rates of the secondary instability of Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) and KH modes, leading to an upstream shift of transition and shrinking of the LSB. High enough 𝑇𝐼 stabilizes the flow to these modes, leading to an unexpected increase in the LSB. However, further rises in the turbulence level suppress separation. The spanwise-averaged part of the mean-flow distortion causes the stabilizing effect. The increase in the turbulence intensity also leads to a monotonic drop in the energy of coherent structures, shed from the separated shear layer, passing near the trailing edge. In the case of 𝑅𝑒𝑐 = 1,000,000, streak growth is much more intense, and even low levels of 𝑇𝐼 are enough to suppress the LSB present in the absence of FST. For 𝑇𝐼 ≤ 2.4%, transition is caused by inner modes, which in the limit of zero FST tend to TS waves. This range of 𝑇𝐼 presents linear receptivity, good agreement of the 𝑁 factor from Mack’s correlation with simulation data, and an exponential dependency of the transition location with 𝑇𝐼. For 2.4% < 𝑇𝐼 ≤ 7.0%, bypass transition occurs, characterized by the predominance of the outer varicose mode. In this regime, the transition location displays a variation ∝ 𝑇𝐼−2. A low-frequency cut-off for the free-stream turbulence is proposed to allow the computation of an effective turbulence intensity for wind turbine blades. Regarding the role of rotation, a model is developed to compute the quasi-three-dimensional base flow for stability analyses over a blade. The flow in the inboard region is highly three-dimensional and significantly affected by rotation. Highly oblique modes are the most unstable in this region, leading to a transition up to 19% earlier than the widely used two-dimensional semi-empirical 𝑒𝑁 transition model of Drela and Giles, used in the RANS simulations. A transition-prediction framework based on the boundary layer and parabolized stability equations accounting for these effects was developed. It indicates that rotation shifts transition upstream if the Reynolds number is allowed to increase with the reference velocity. Subsequent LES indicated that rotation stabilizes the flow for a fixed Reynolds number in the attached flow region and front part of the LSB for low rotation rates, delaying transition and reattachment. Even though rotation delays these phenomena, rotation may act as an adverse pressure gradient after separation occurs, leading to an increase in the growth rates of the KH modes and reverse flow. Furthermore, crossflow transition may be triggered for higher rotation rates and towards the inboard blade region, leading to an upstream shift of the transition point. Crossflow transition leads to a rise in the pressure difference between the two sides of the airfoil, generating a higher lift. In the outboard blade region, a self-excited type of instability may occur in an LSB forming near the leading edge, promoting an early transition that may cause a sudden shift of the separation line to the leading edge after a certain critical radius, as observed in experiments. Finally, a low-frequency oscillation in the normal force coefficient, with an amplitude of 10.5% around the mean, was identified in a wind turbine airfoil. The period of these oscillations was long, corresponding to several turns of a wind turbine at rated rotation speed. The occurrence of such a phenomenon in real wind turbines should be assessed and considered in the structural design of the rotor.

Abstract [sv]

Laminär-turbulent omslag på vindturbinblad är ett mycket komplext fenomen på grund av de många faktorer som påverkar processen. I denna avhandling studerar vi några av dem, nämligen hur friströmsturbulens (FST), rotation och tredimensionalitet påverkar strömningen. Analysen är baserad på det så kallade large eddy simulation (LES) med och utan en modell för subgrid-skala (implicit eller väggupplöst LES). FST:s roll i den modala och icke-modala stabiliteten av flödet på sugsidan av en vindturbinsektion vid ett Reynolds nummer Rec=100.000 studeras. Detta involverade flera simuleringar med varierande turbulensintensitet (TI) och primära och sekundära linjära stabilitetsanalyser. De separerade skjuvskikten styr flödesstabiliteten via de karakteristiska Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) virvlarna. Låga FST-nivåer ökar tillväxthastigheten för den sekundära instabiliteten i Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) och KH-fallet, vilket leder till en uppströmsförskjutning av omslaget till turbulens och en minskning av LSB. Tillräckligt hög TI stabiliserar flödet i dessa lägen, vilket leder till en oväntad ökning av LSB. Ytterligare höjningar av turbulensnivån undertrycker emellertid avlösningen. Den spännvidds medelvärdesbildade delen orsakar den stabiliserande effekten. Ökningen av turbulensintensiteten leder också till en monoton minskning av energin hos koherenta strukturer, bakom det separerade skjuvskiktet. I fallet med Rec=1.000.000 är stråktillväxten mycket mer intensiv, och även låga nivåer av TI är tillräckligt för att undertrycka LSB som finns i frånvaro av FST. För TI≤ 2,4% orsakas övergången av inre moder som liknar TS-vågor i gränsen mot noll FST. Detta intervall av TI visar god överensstämmelse mellan N-faktorn från Macks korrelation med simuleringsdata och ett exponentiellt beroende av omslaget med TI. För 2,4%<TI≤7,0% sker sk  bypass omslag, kännetecknad av dominansen symmetriska stråk. En lågfrekvent cut-off för friströmsturbulensen möjliggör beräkning av en effektiv turbulensintensitet för vindturbinblad. När det gäller rotationens roll utvecklas en modell för att beräkna det kvasi-tredimensionella basflödet för stabilitetsanalyser över ett blad. Flödet är mycket tredimensionellt och påverkas avsevärt av rotation. Mycket sneda vågor är de mest instabila i denna region, vilket leder till ett omslag upp till 19% tidigare än den allmänt använda tvådimensionella semi-empiriska eN omslagsmodellen av Drela och Giles, som används i RANS-simuleringarna. Ett ramverk för omskagsprediktion baserat på gränsskiktet och paraboliserade stabilitetsekvationer som står för dessa effekter utvecklades. Det indikerar att rotation skiftar övergång uppströms om Reynolds-talet tillåts öka med referenshastigheten. Efterföljande LES indikerade att rotation stabiliserar flödet för ett fast Reynolds-tal i flödesområdet och främre delen av LSB för låga rotationshastigheter, vilket fördröjer övergång och återlaminarisering. Även om rotation fördröjer dessa fenomen, kan rotation verka som en negativ tryckgradient efter att separation inträffar, vilket leder till en ökning av tillväxthastigheterna för KH-moden och återcircirkulerande flöde. Vidare kan omslag till turbulens utlösas för högre rotationshastigheter och mot det inre bladområdet, vilket leder till en uppströmsförskjutning av omslagspunkten. Crossflow-övergång leder till en ökning av tryckskillnaden mellan de två sidorna av vingytan, vilket genererar en högre lyftkraft. I andra områden kan en självexciterad typ av instabilitet uppstå i en LSB som bildas nära framkanten, vilket främjar en tidigt omslag som kan orsaka en plötslig förskjutning av separationslinjen till framkanten efter en viss kritisk radie, som också observerats i experiment. Slutligen identifierades en lågfrekvent oscillation i normalkraftskoefficienten, med en amplitud på 10,5% runt medelvärdet, i ett vindkraftverks vingprofil. Perioden för dessa svängningar var lång, motsvarande flera varv av ett vindturbin med nominell rotationshastighet. Förekomsten av ett sådant fenomen i verkliga vindkraftverk bör bedömas och beaktas i den strukturella designen av rotorn.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 61
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2023:47
Keywords
Boundary layer stability, free-stream turbulence, laminar-turbulent transition, low-frequency oscillations, rotation effects, wind turbine blades., Gränsskiktsstabilitet, friströmsturbulens, laminär-turbulent omslag, lågfrekventa svängningar, rotationseffekter, vindkraftverksblad.
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Research subject
Engineering Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-337136 (URN)978-91-8040-701-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-10-23, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
StandUpStandUp for Wind
Note

QC 231002

Available from: 2023-10-02 Created: 2023-09-26 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved

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Coelho Leite Fava, ThalesLokatt, MikaelaHanifi, ArdeshirHenningson, Dan S.

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