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Study on the braking distance of composite brake blocks covered with ice for freight trains in winter
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Vehicle Engineering and Solid Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, The KTH Railway Group.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1703-6275
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Vehicle Engineering and Solid Mechanics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, The KTH Railway Group.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7393-569X
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, The KTH Railway Group. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Vehicle Engineering and Solid Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8237-5847
2023 (English)In: Proceedings of the Institution of mechanical engineers. Part F, journal of rail and rapid transit, ISSN 0954-4097, E-ISSN 2041-3017, Vol. 237, no 8, p. 1050-1059Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In winter, some freight trains with composite brake blocks experience unexpected long braking distances, which seriously jeopardizes running safety. The reasons for the long braking distances are still not completely understood, and therefore it is difficult to suggest preventive measures. Up to now, it has not really been studied how a layer of ice that is often found between the brake block and the wheel influences the braking process. To investigate whether ice influences the braking distance, a numerical model is built. Ice thickness, ambient temperature, initial speed, and axle load/brake pressure are parameters that can be varied in the model. Results are checked against available on-track tests. The simulation results show that ice significantly influences the braking distance. The impact of ice on the braking distance increases when the ambient temperature, initial speed, and brake pressure are low, which is consistent with available field test reports. The results also show that a conditioning brake, a high brake pressure and a small clearance between the wheel and brake block can efficiently reduce the impact of ice on the braking distance of freight trains with composite brake blocks in winter.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SAGE Publications , 2023. Vol. 237, no 8, p. 1050-1059
Keywords [en]
braking distance, composite brake block, Freight train, ice, winter
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-338418DOI: 10.1177/09544097231151474ISI: 000913437000001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85146537403OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-338418DiVA, id: diva2:1806637
Note

QC 20231023

Available from: 2023-10-23 Created: 2023-10-23 Last updated: 2025-11-11Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Thermal Analysis of Mechanical Brakes in Rail Vehicles: Modelling and Simulation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Thermal Analysis of Mechanical Brakes in Rail Vehicles: Modelling and Simulation
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Rail vehicles are known for being energy-efficient in both passenger and freight transport. A critical subsystem of rail vehicles is the braking system, which ensures operational safety. Among the various braking systems, mechanical brakes are considered more reliable due to their fail-safe design, allowing effective braking even in the event of system failures - something that electric brakes today cannot guarantee.

Mechanical brakes generate braking force through friction, resulting in frictional heat and wear. The increase in temperature and wear of the friction pads, discs, or wheels induces uneven contacts. These uneven contacts introduce uncertainty in friction pairs and may reduce the coefficient of friction. Thus, friction heat affects braking performance and makes thermal analysis essential for mechanical brakes. This analysis primarily focuses on how heat is generated and dissipated. Conducting a precise thermal analysis of railway mechanical brakes is a challenging task.

While experiments are an effective means to investigate thermal characteristics, they are expensive and have limitations in data collection. In contrast, modelling and simulation are cost-effective and provide unique insights into thermal properties. This research focuses on modelling and simulating railway mechanical brakes with respect to their thermal-related properties. Three different modelling approaches are employed: analytical, numerical, and data-driven models. These methods aim to explore why composite brake blocks in winter result in longer braking distances, how to accurately simulate the temperature of brake discs, and what the computational cost is associated with each modelling method.

First, an analytical model examines how ice melts and is removed, revealing that the wettability of the composite material is the primary reason for the long braking distance of freight trains. The simulation results align with accident reports, which primarily occur at low ambient temperatures, around -15 °C, low speeds, approximately 20 km/h, and empty wagons. In the next step, a numerical model utilizes the finite element method (FEM) to solve heat transfer and elastic equations, incorporating thermal expansion, wear and contact. The simulation results are then compared with experimental data, demonstrating that this FEM model is robust, fast and accurate. Finally, a data-driven model is developed to reduce the computational cost of FEM. The results indicated that the data-driven model surpasses FEM in accuracy, computational time and complexity, with a root mean square error 12.1 °C vs. 23.4 °C, a computation time of 3 minutes vs. 104 minutes, and fewer input parameters, i.e. less than 20 vs. over 115.

In summary, this research employs modelling and simulation methods to conduct thermal analysis of the railway mechanical brake system, providing unique insights into thermal-related mechanical problems.

Abstract [sv]

Järnvägsfordon är kända för att vara energieffektiva både inom person- och godstransport. Ett kritiskt delsystem i dessa fordon är bromssystemet, som säkerställer driftsäkerheten. Bland de olika typerna av bromssystem anses de mekaniska bromsarna vara mer tillförlitliga tack vare sin failsafe-design, vilket möjliggör effektiv bromsning även vid systemfel – något som elektriska bromsar i dagsläget inte kan garantera.

Mekaniska bromsar genererar bromskraft genom friktion, vilket leder till friktionsvärme och slitage. Den ökade temperaturen och slitaget på bromsbelägg, skivor eller hjul orsakar ojämna kontaktytor. Dessa ojämnheter skapar osäkerhet i friktionsparen och kan minska friktionskoefficienten. Friktionsvärmen påverkar alltså bromsprestandan och gör termisk analys nödvändig för mekaniska bromsar. Denna analys fokuserar främst på hur värme alstras och avleds. Att genomföra en exakt termisk analys av järnvägens mekaniska bromsar är en utmanande uppgift.

Även om experiment är ett effektivt sätt att undersöka termiska egenskaper, är de kostsamma och begränsade i datainsamling. Modellering och simulering utgör däremot kostnadseffektiva alternativ som ger unika insikter i de termiska egenskaperna. Denna forskning fokuserar på modellering och simulering av järnvägens mekaniska bromsar med avseende på deras termiska egenskaper. Tre olika modelleringsmetoder används: analytiska, numeriska och data-drivna modeller. Dessa metoder syftar till att undersöka varför kompositbromsklossar under vinterförhållanden leder till längre bromssträckor, hur bromsskivans temperatur kan simuleras med hög noggrannhet, samt vilken beräkningskostnad som är förknippad med respektive modell.

Först undersöker en analytisk modell hur is smälter och avlägsnas, och visar att kompositmaterialets vätbarhet är den främsta orsaken till de långa bromssträckorna hos godståg. Simuleringsresultaten överensstämmer med olycksrapporter, som främst inträffar vid låga omgivningstemperaturer, omkring –15 °C, låga hastigheter, cirka 20 km/h, och tomma vagnar. Därefter används en numerisk modell som tillämpar finita elementmetoden (FEM) för att lösa värmeöverförings- och elasticitetsekvationer, inklusive termisk expansion, slitage och kontakt. Simuleringsresultaten jämförs sedan med experimentella data och visar att denna FEM-modell är robust, snabb och noggrann. Slutligen utvecklas en data-driven modell för att minska beräkningskostnaden för FEM. Resultaten visar att den data-drivna modellen överträffar FEM vad gäller noggrannhet, beräkningstid och komplexitet, med ett medelkvadratfel på 12,1 °C jämfört med 23,4 °C, en beräkningstid på 3 minuter jämfört med 104 minuter, samt färre indata – mindre än 20 jämfört med över 115.

Sammanfattningsvis använder denna forskning modellerings- och simuleringsmetoder för att genomföra termisk analys av järnvägens mekaniska bromssystem och erbjuder unika insikter i termiskt relaterade mekaniska problem.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 144
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2025:55
Keywords
heat transfer, finite element method, contact, wear, tread and disc brakes, rail vehicles, Värmeöverföring, finita elementmetoden, kontakt, slitage, bromsbelägg och skivbromsar, spårfordon
National Category
Mechanical Engineering
Research subject
Vehicle and Maritime Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-372323 (URN)978-91-8106-419-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-12-05, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63495040006, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 251111

Available from: 2025-11-11 Created: 2025-11-11 Last updated: 2025-11-24Bibliographically approved

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Zhang, YanjunLiu, ZhendongStichel, Sebastian

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