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Socio-spatial Inequities of Fire and Rescue Services in Sweden: An Analysis of Real and Estimated Response Times
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Urban Planning and Environment.
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Urban Planning and Environment, Urban and Regional Studies.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5302-1698
2023 (English)In: Fire technology, ISSN 0015-2684, E-ISSN 1572-8099Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Lowering the response times of fire and rescue services (FRS) can reduce costs and the risk of fatalities in emergencies. Ensuring everyone can be reached by the FRS as quickly as possible is therefore a key objective for planners, who often rely on estimated response times to know where response times are long. To be reliable, such estimations need to be validated against real response times. Therefore, this study investigates the spatial patterns of FRS in Sweden in 2018, and compares how estimated and real response times correspond, as well as what factors explain under- or overestimation of the real times. Network analysis performed in a Geographical Information System (GIS) and regression modelling underpin the methodology. In most FRS events (81.3%), estimated response times are shorter than real response times with an average of 83.6 s. Both real and estimated response times are highest in rural municipalities. However, on average, underestimations are larger in urban municipalities. Response times also tend to be underestimated in municipalities with formalized cooperation agreements. Joint organization of FRS resources is thus not necessarily an effective way to reduce response times, with implications for the way FRS is delivered. This study highlights the heterogeneous spatial patterns of difference between estimated and real response times, and shows the importance of being event and area specific when planning the FRS system.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2023.
National Category
Social Sciences
Research subject
Planning and Decision Analysis, Urban and Regional Studies
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-338783DOI: 10.1007/s10694-023-01496-3ISI: 001087633100001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85174551094OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-338783DiVA, id: diva2:1807350
Note

QC 20231026

Available from: 2023-10-26 Created: 2023-10-26 Last updated: 2026-01-30Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Where are the people in emergency service planning?: Assessing the geography and equity of access to emergency services in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Where are the people in emergency service planning?: Assessing the geography and equity of access to emergency services in Sweden
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Providing high-quality health care to everyone who needs it is a central objective of the Swedish healthcare system. One way in which this goal is broadly pursued is by allocating resources that maximize the geographical coverage of ambulances, aimed at reducing ambulance respons times as much as possible, for as many as possible. However, emergencies tend to be concentrated in space and time and some groups are more likely to require acute health care, implying that supply needs to be tailored to patient demand. This thesis aims to assess spatial and sociodemographic disparities in access to, and demand for, emergency services in Sweden, with a particular focus on emergency health care (EHC) services. It problematizes how supply and demand are measured, and the consequences this may have for the equitability of access to resources and efficient emergency response. Findings indicate that there currently exist spatial and sociodemographic disparities in access to EHC services in Sweden. The risk of requiring an ambulance is shown to be higher for individuals living in rural areas and for older adults in particular. Concomitantly, these groups have particularly poor levels of accessibility. The findings also indicate that the way that demand and accessibility is measured produce different spatial (and temporal) patterns and that commonly employed indicators of performance in policy (population sizes and response times) are shown to be overestimated and underestimated to varying degrees at certain times and in certain places. Such information is important to convey to planners, as inaccurate estimates may entail that planners have poor knowledge on which to base decisions related to resource allocation, which could in turn affect some places and groups negatively. The thesis highlights that currently employed policy goals may inadvertently entail unexpected inequities in terms of varying levels of accessibility to EHC, where resources are not directed towards the places and groups that need them the most. This opens up a discussion of how quantitative measures that underpin planning are always based on certain conceptualizations over other possible conceptualizations. Ultimately, this thesis may contribute to facilitating the planning of more equitable emergency services.

Abstract [sv]

En central målsättning för svensk vård är att den ska vara tillgänglig för alla oavsett var eller när det behövs, och vem som behöver det. Ett sätt att nå detta mål är att se till att så många som möjligt kan nås av en ambulans inom en rimlig tid. Akuta situationer är dock inte jämt fördelade över landet, över dygnet eller mellan olika grupper i populationen. För att resurser ska vara tillgängliga för de som behöver dem måste sådana skillnader belysas när vårdens resurser fördelas. Målet med arbetet som redovisas i denna avhandling var att undersöka skillnader vad gäller tillgång och efterfrågan för blåljustjänster, med specifikt fokus på akutvården. Resultaten indikerar att landsbygdsområden och områden med hög andel äldre befolkning tenderar att ha sämre tillgång till akutvård. Samtidigt visar resultaten att befolkningen i dessa områden löper högre risk att behöva en ambulans. Avhandlingen problematiserar hur sättet som tillgång och efterfrågan mäts på kan generera olika rumsliga (och temporala) mönster som beslutsfattare utgår ifrån när de tar beslut om hur resurser ska fördelas mellan platser och grupper. Arbetet som redovisas här visar hur vanligt förekommande modellerade indikatorer inom planering – så som populationsmängder och responstider – tenderar att över- eller underestimera jämfört med uppmätta mått i verkligheten på vissa platser, vid vissa tidpunkter. Sådan information är viktig att förmedla till planerare och beslutsfattare eftersom otillförlitliga estimeringar utgör dåligt kunskapsunderlag för att ta beslut om hur resurser ska fördelas i tid och rum, vilket i förlängningen kan leda till att vissa grupper och platser missgynnas i planeringen. Den här avhandlingen visar hur de policymål som är i bruk idag riskerar att öka ojämlikhet vad gäller skillnader i tillgänglighet till akutvård. Detta öppnar upp för en diskussion om hur de kvantitativa mått som ligger till grund för planering alltid är baserade på specifika konceptualiseringar och problemformuleringar. Resultaten kan i förlängningen bidra till planering av mer jämlika och effektiva blåljustjänster i framtiden.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 147
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2355
Keywords
emergency services, spatial analysis, equity, accessibility, blåljustjänster, rumslig analys, jämlikhet, tillgänglighet
National Category
Social and Economic Geography Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy
Research subject
Planning and Decision Analysis, Urban and Regional Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-342001 (URN)978-91-8040-802-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-02-02, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, KTH Campus, public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/61168009140, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
Blue Light in Green Surroundings: Challenges and Opportunities for Emergency and Rescue Services in Sweden
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2016-01424Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency
Note

QC 20240110

Available from: 2024-01-10 Created: 2024-01-09 Last updated: 2025-12-03Bibliographically approved

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Hassler, JacobCeccato, Vania

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