kth.sePublications KTH
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Impact of particle arrangement and model dimensions on DEM modeling of high-speed railway ballasted tracks in 2D and 3D
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0916-4602
Peab Anläggning AB, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7361-0729
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9615-4861
2024 (English)In: Transportation Geotechnics, E-ISSN 2214-3912, Vol. 47, article id 101272Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Modelling railway projects has a main challenge in the discrete element method (DEM). The granular material of the embankment consists of millions of fine angular particles which are difficult to model due to the long computational time. The long computational time also prevents the modeling of the higher number of loading cycles. As a result, researchers prefer to simulate the project in 2D to accelerate the simulation. While 2D simulations present a seemingly simple option for modeling railways, they tend to oversimplify the intricacies of particle interactions and the distribution of stress. Nonetheless, the extent to which these simplifications affect the authenticity of the simulations has remained ambiguous. In this study, the periodic cell replication method is used to build extensive long railway tracks significantly faster than conventional methods. Then, this DEM model is calibrated against the measurement results of a physical full-scale ballasted track. The model is then used to simulate several railway projects with different initial particle arrangements and model dimensions in both 2D and 3D. The results show that the 2D models are more dependant on the initial particle arrangement which shows different behavior for the same model. In addition, 2D simulations are incapable of reproducing the principal stress rotation in granular layers due to the moving load of the train wheel. As a result, 3D DEM simulations using the periodic cell replication method is suggested for studying the railway tracks.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2024. Vol. 47, article id 101272
Keywords [en]
Ballasted track, Discrete element method, Moving load, Particle arrangement, Railway analysis
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-346811DOI: 10.1016/j.trgeo.2024.101272ISI: 001241451200001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85192907563OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-346811DiVA, id: diva2:1860425
Note

QC 20240527

Available from: 2024-05-24 Created: 2024-05-24 Last updated: 2025-10-28Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. 3D discrete-continuum simulation of differential settlement in ballasted railway transition zones
Open this publication in new window or tab >>3D discrete-continuum simulation of differential settlement in ballasted railway transition zones
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The Discrete Element Method (DEM) is a powerful computational approach for analyzing granular materials, such as those found in railway embankments. While DEM offers high-resolution insights into particle-scale interactions by solving force-displacement equations based on Newtonian mechanics, its computational intensity and limitations in representing continuous structural components remain challenges. This study addresses two core issues in the DEM modeling of granular materials for high-speed railway applications.

Firstly, the study investigates the impact of particle scaling techniques on the shear behavior and computational efficiency of granular materials with fine angular particles. By examining variations in particle size distribution and angularity, it is demonstrated that appropriate scaling can substantially reduce simulation time without compromising accuracy.

Secondly, to address DEM's limitations in modeling continuous components such as rails and subgrade, a novel hybrid modeling approach is developed. This integrates a 3D DEM model for ballast and sub-ballast layers with a continuum-based Finite Difference Method (FDM) for rail beams and subgrade layers, and a nonlinear 2D Finite Element Method (FEM) to model vehicle–track dynamic interaction. The hybrid DEM–FDM–FEM framework enables the simulation of both short-term dynamic responses and long-term differential settlements in railway transition zones. A specialized Periodic Cell Replication Method is used to create large-scale DEM models, enhancing realism and computational efficiency.

Validation against full-scale physical experiments and benchmark FEM models confirms the framework’s ability to capture critical mechanisms such as gap formation beneath sleepers, stiffness gradients, and vertical misalignment induced by repeated axle loads. Results reveal how abrupt stiffness transitions amplify dynamic loads, leading to progressive settlement and degradation of track geometry. The study highlights the importance of combining granular and continuum modeling techniques to more accurately predict and mitigate long-term degradation in ballasted railway transition zones.

The study shows that a stiffness gradient at railway transition zones amplifies dynamic wheel–rail forces, leading to voided sleepers and a peak in ballast settlement a few meters into the softer track, highlighting the need for a gradual stiffness change to limit long-term differential settlement. 

Abstract [sv]

Den diskreta elementmetoden (DEM) är en kraftfull numerisk metod för att analysera granulära material, såsom de som förekommer i järnvägsbankar. Genom att lösa kraft-förskjutningsekvationer baserade på Newtonsk mekanik möjliggör DEM detaljerad analys på partikelskala. Dock kvarstår utmaningar relaterade till hög lång beräkningstid samt begränsningar i att modellera kontinuerliga strukturella komponenter. Denna studie behandlar två centrala frågeställningar i DEM-modelleringen av granulära material för höghastighetsjärnvägar.

Partikelskalning och dess inverkan på skjuvbeteende och beräkningseffektivitet. För det första undersöks hur olika tekniker för partikelskalning påverkar skjuvbeteendet och den numeriska effektiviteten hos granulära material bestående av finkorniga, kantiga partiklar. Genom att variera partikelstorleksfördelning och kantighet visar resultaten att en lämplig skalning av partiklarna kan reducera beräkningstiden avsevärt, utan att förlora noggrannhet i simuleringen.

Hybridmodellering av diskreta och kontinuerliga komponenter.För att övervinna DEM:s begränsningar vid modellering av kontinuerliga strukturer såsom räler och undergrund, utvecklas en ny hybridmodelleringsmetod. Denna metod kombinerar en tredimensionell DEM-modell för ballast- och underballastlager med en kontinuerlig Finita Differensmetod (FDM) för räler och undergrund. Dessutom inkluderas en icke-linjär tvådimensionell Finita Elementmetod (FEM) för att modellera den dynamiska interaktionen mellan fordon och spår. Detta integrerade DEM–FDM–FEM-ramverk möjliggör simulering av både kortsiktiga dynamiska responser och långsiktiga differentiella sättningar i övergångszoner för järnväg.

En särskild metod för periodisk cellreplikering används för att skapa storskaliga DEM-modeller, vilket förbättrar både realismen och den numeriska effektiviteten.

Modellen valideras mot storskaliga fysiska experiment samt etablerade FEM-referensmodeller. Resultaten bekräftar ramverkets förmåga att återge kritiska mekanismer såsom glappbildning under sliprar, styvhetsgradienter och vertikal avvikelse som uppstår till följd av upprepade axellaster. Studien visar att abrupta förändringar i styvhet förstärker de dynamiska belastningarna, vilket leder till progressiv sättning och degradering av spårgeometrin över tid.

Studien understryker vikten av att kombinera granulära och kontinuerliga modelleringsmetoder för att bättre förutsäga och motverka långsiktig degradering i ballasterade övergångszoner för järnväg.

Studien visar att en styvhetsgradient vid övergångszoner i järnväg förstärker dynamiska hjul–rälskrafter, vilket leder till urgröpta sliprar och en topp i ballastsättning några meter in i det mjukare spåret, vilket understryker behovet av en gradvis förändring i styvhet för att begränsa långsiktig differenssättning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 67
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2543
Keywords
Particle scaling, Ballasted track, Particle arrangement, Differential settlement, Transition zone
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-372016 (URN)978-91-8106-451-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-11-17, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, KTH Campus, public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67393008624, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Note

QC 20251028

Available from: 2025-10-28 Created: 2025-10-22 Last updated: 2026-01-16Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

No full text in DiVA

Other links

Publisher's full textScopus

Authority records

Ahmadi, AlirezaWersäll, CarlLarsson, Stefan

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Ahmadi, AlirezaWersäll, CarlLarsson, Stefan
By organisation
Soil and Rock Mechanics
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar

doi
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
urn-nbn
Total: 390 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf