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Analysis of viscous fingering between water and cement-based grout in tunnels
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1195-1587
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Strategic Sustainability Studies.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5838-7111
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Water and Environmental Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0958-7181
2024 (English)In: Tunnelling for a Better Life - Proceedings of the ITA-AITES World Tunnel Congress, WTC 2024, CRC Press/Balkema , 2024, p. 2602-2609Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Rock grouting is a common measure to reduce the seepage through conductive fractures in the rock mass around tunnels. Two types of grouting are normally carried, pre-excavation grouting and postexcavation grouting. Pre-grouting, commonly applied in Scandinavian tunnels, is used to seal the conductive fractures around the tunnel before the excavation of tunnel sections. In post-excavation grouting, which is dedicated to seal the remaining leakage in the excavated tunnel sections, the injected grout often encounters large seepage in rock fractures. Previous experiments have shown that the grout can be washed out easily when the grout is fresh even though the injected grout has initially sealed the fracture. One of the most significant phenomena for the water to “break up” the grout is viscous fingering. Viscous fingering occurs when certain conditions enable interface instability between the water and the cement-based grout. In this paper, the authors aim to evaluate if viscous fingering can be avoided under pre- and post-grouting conditions. For this purpose, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using the software Ansys Fluent is carried out. The simulation results demonstrating viscous fingering between water and cement-based grout are analyzed and discussed. Based on the results, suggestions on the grouting strategy with respect to pre- and post-grouting are provided to deal with the potential issues related to viscous fingering.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
CRC Press/Balkema , 2024. p. 2602-2609
Keywords [en]
CFD analysis, Rock grouting, Rock tunnelling, Viscous fingering, Yield stress
National Category
Civil Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-348280DOI: 10.1201/9781003495505-345Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85195464633OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-348280DiVA, id: diva2:1874647
Conference
ITA-AITES World Tunnel Congress, WTC 2024, Shenzhen, China, Apr 19 2024 - Apr 25 2024
Note

QC 20240624

Part of ISBN 978-103280042-4

Available from: 2024-06-20 Created: 2024-06-20 Last updated: 2025-07-10Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Cement-based grouting of rock foundations for new and existing dams
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cement-based grouting of rock foundations for new and existing dams
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Grout curtains are usually constructed under dams as a barrier to prevent leakage from the reservoir, reduce uplift, and also prevent transport of fine material through the foundation. These grout curtains have mainly been designed by using an empirical design approach. However, the empirical approach has its limitations, such as lack of design over grout curtain thickness, long grouting time as a result of the stop criterion, and high grouting pressure which can cause unfavorable jacking.

To deal with these limitations, a theory-based design methodology for grout curtains under new dams has been developed. The grout curtain is treated as a structural component in the dam foundation. The geometry and location of the grout curtain is firstly designed with respect to three requirements: (i) the hydraulic conductivity reduction, (ii) prevention of erosion of fracture infillings and (iii) optimization of uplift reduction. Grouting work is then designed to obtain the designed geometry of the grout curtain. In the design of the grouting work, analytical calculations are implemented to determine the grouting pressure, grouting time and grout hole layout. The erosion process of fracture infilling materials was studied as a supplement to the requirement (ii). Coupled numerical analyses were performed to better understand the initiation of erosion of fracture infillings. The results showed that a previous equation derived by White under laminar flow can be suitable to estimate the incipient motion of fracture infilling materials. 

For existing dams, remedial grouting is a measure to strengthen the deteriorated grout curtains under old dams. The major challenge of remedial grouting is the high pressure gradient in the previously grouted zones. High gradient leads to high water velocities, where the flowing water can erode the injected fresh grout in the rock fractures. Even if the fractures are sealed, a phenomenon called viscous fingering can occur, which destabilize the grout front and creates new leakage channels. Erosion of fresh cement-based grout and viscous fingering between water and grout were studied with experiments and numerical simulations. The experiments revealed that the existing criterion on grout erosion tends to be oversimplified. Viscous fingering was observed despite the theoretical prediction and the numerical simulations suggested it would not occur. This deviation was further discussed with respect to uncertainties in the experimental setup.

Strategies were suggested for remedial grouting practice using cement-based grout to minimize disturbance by flowing water: (i) utilize multiple pressure relief holes upstream of grout holes to reduce water-induced shear stress on the fresh grout; (ii) maintain sufficient pressure holding time to provide time for the grout to harden and prevent the displacement of the injected grout.

Abstract [sv]

Injekteringsridåer konstrueras vanligtvis under dammar som en barriär för att förhindra läckage från magasinet, reducera upptrycket, och även för att förhindra transport av finmaterial genom grunden. Traditionellt har dessa injekteringsridåer utformats med en empirisk dimensioneringsmetod. Denna metod har dock vissa begränsningar, såsom brist på dimensionering av injekteringsridåns tjocklek, långa injekteringstider till följd av stoppkriterier samt höga injekteringstryck som kan orsaka ogynnsam spricköppning (jacking).

För att hantera dessa begränsningar har en teoribaserad dimensioneringsmetodik utvecklats för injekteringsridåer under nya dammar. Injekteringsridån betraktas här som en strukturell komponent. Geometrin och placeringen av injekteringsridån utformas utifrån tre krav: (i) minskning av hydraulisk konduktivitet, (ii) förebyggande av erosion av sprickfyllnadsmaterial och (iii) optimering av reduktion av upptrycket. Injekteringsarbetet utformas sedan för att uppnå den planerade geometrin för injekteringsridån. Vid dimensioneringen av injekteringsarbetet används analytiska beräkningar för att bestämma injekteringstryck, injekteringstid och borrhålslayout. Erosionsprocessen för sprickfyllnadsmaterial studerades som ett komplement till krav (ii). Kopplade numeriska analyser genomfördes i projektet för att bättre förstå erosionens initiering i sprickfyllnadsmaterial. Resultaten visade att en tidigare ekvation, härledd av White under laminärt flöde, kan vara lämplig för att uppskatta när förflyttningen av sprickfyllnadsmaterial initieras.

För befintliga dammar är reparationsinjektering en åtgärd för att förstärka injekteringsridåer som över tid har försämrats. Den största utmaningen vid reparationsinjektering är den höga tryckgradienten i tidigare injekterade zoner. En hög gradient kan leda till vattenflöden med höga hastigheter, vilket kan erodera nyligen injekterat cementbaserat injekteringsbruk i bergsprickorna innan det härdat. Även om sprickorna tätas kan ett fenomen kallat viskös kanalbildning uppstå i det nyligen injekterade bruket, vilket destabiliserar injekteringsfronten och skapar nya läckagekanaler. Erosion av färskt cementbaserat injekteringsbruk och viskös kanalbildning mellan vatten och injekteringsbruk studerades genom experiment och numeriska simuleringar. Experimenten visade att den befintliga kriteriemodellen för erosion tenderar att vara alltför förenklad. Viskös kanalbildning observerades trots att teoretiska förutsägelser och resultat från numeriska simuleringar antydde att fenomenet inte skulle uppstå. Denna avvikelse diskuterades vidare, speciellt med hänsyn till ingående osäkerheter i den experimentella uppställningen.

Baserat på erhållna resultat föreslogs ett antal strategier för reparationsinjektering med cementbaserat injekteringsbruk för att minimera störningarna från strömmande vatten: (i) användning av flera tryckavlastningshål uppströms om injekteringshålen för att minska vattnets skjuvspänning på det färska bruket och (ii) tillräcklig tryckhållningstid för att ge injekteringsbruket tid att härda och förhindra förflyttning av den injekterade massan.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 77
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2512
Keywords
Grout curtains, rock grouting, dams, infilling materials in rock fractures, grout erosion, viscous fingering, remedial grouting, Injekteringsridåer, berginjektering, dammar, sprickfyllnadsmaterial, erosion av injekteringsbruk, viskös kanalbildning, reparationsinjektering
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-366849 (URN)978-91-8106-298-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-08-29, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, KTH Campus, public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/69019536392, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
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Note

QC 20250711

Available from: 2025-07-11 Created: 2025-07-10 Last updated: 2025-10-29Bibliographically approved

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Zhang, SuihanJohansson, FredrikZou, Liangchao

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