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Reduced friction by ionic technology: Grease lubrication of bearings for e-motors
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Engineering Design, System and Component Design.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3717-7523
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Reducing the environmental impact of machinery relies on all machinery components operating more efficiently. Rolling element bearings are an indispensable part of all modern machinery, enabling and facilitating machine operation. Greases, an often overlooked machine component, are an essential part of rolling bearings and have the greatest scope for improving the bearing efficiency. Thus, studying the mechanisms of friction generation and energy loss originating from the grease and all of its components in a grease-lubricated bearing is fundamental for further improving their efficiency.  This is a challenging task since only fully formulated commercial greases are often available, making it difficult to study in isolation the contribution of each individual component to the friction process. The complexity of studying grease lubrication increases further due to the intricacy of measuring friction within the bearing. Robust methodologies and standards for measuring grease efficiency within a rolling element bearing are scarce and must be developed.

This doctoral thesis investigated the effect of different grease components, such as different grease thickeners and a non-halogenated ionic liquid grease additive, on the frictional performance of rolling bearings operating under conditions typical of those encountered in electric motors. This required that a new and robust experimental set-up was designed with the purpose of continuously measuring friction torques from a rolling element for prolonged periods.  An evaluation of the role of each of the grease components in the process of friction generation thus became possible. First, the effect of the running-in procedure on the grease ageing was studied. Imposing an increasing speed profile appeared to induce a mild ageing on the greases. In the second and third studies, the effect of different thickeners on the lubrication performance during the bleeding phase was studied under steady-state conditions. Compared to lithium-complex grease, polypropylene grease reduced the energy consumption of the grease-lubricated bearing. A modified polypropylene grease, with recycled polypropylene in the thickener, was also tested. The experiments with the recycled polypropylene grease finished successfully with no traces of bearing damage and friction torque values lying between the lithium complex and polypropylene greases. This represented a milestone in the development of greases with recycled materials. In a fourth study, the effects of three different grease thickeners (lithium complex, polyurea (diurea) and polypropylene) were evaluated on lubrication performance and energy-saving potential during prolonged conditions of transient and variable speeds, typical for electric motors of battery electric vehicles. From the analysis of the resulting friction torques, it was concluded that the thickener influences the friction torque through the process of dynamic bleeding and that friction torques under both steady-state and transient speed conditions were predominantly controlled by rolling friction.  In the fifth study,  the addition of a non-halogenated ionic liquid to a LiX grease resulted in a drastic 45% reduction of energy dissipation. The feasibility and potential of using this novel grease under e-motor conditions were discussed. Finally, the overall environmental footprint (kg CO2-eq) of a grease-lubricated bearing system was estimated (production of grease and bearing together with energy consumption over a typical service life). Reducing friction torques and their corresponding energy losses through a better design of individual grease formulations appears to ensure that the greatest impact on CO2-eq released can be obtained.

Abstract [sv]

För att minska maskiners miljöpåverkan måste alla maskinkomponenter fungera mer effektivt tillsammans. Kullager är en grundläggande del av alla moderna maskiner, vilka möjliggör och underlättar maskindrift. Smörjfetter är en ofta förbisedd maskinkomponent. De är en väsentlig del av kullager och i förbättringen av dessa finns också den största potentialen för att förbättra kullagrens effektivitet. Att studera mekanismerna för hur friktion uppstår i fettsmorda lager är nödvändigt för att ytterligare förbättra effektiviteten och för att förstå hur olika komponenter i smörjfetter bidrar. Detta är en utmanande uppgift eftersom endast färdigformulerade kommersiella smörjfetter normalt sett finns tillgängliga, vilket gör det omöjligt att isolerat studera varje enskild komponents bidrag till friktionsprocessen. Svårigheten med att studera fettsmörjning ökar ytterligare på grund av komplexiteten i att mäta friktion i lagret. Metoder och standarder för att mäta effektivitet i ett fettsmort rullningslager är få och bristfälliga. Denna doktorsavhandling undersöker effekten av olika fettkomponenter, till exempel olika fettförtjockare och en icke-halogenerad jonisk flytande fetttillsats, på friktionsprestandan hos rullager som arbetar under förhållanden som är typiska för elmotorer. För att göra detta krävdes att en ny och robust experimentuppställning konstruerades med syftet att kontinuerligt mäta friktionsmoment från ett rullande lager under längre perioder. En utvärdering av olika fettkomponenters roll i processen för friktionsgenerering blev därmed möjlig. Först studerades effekten av en ökande eller minskande hastighetsprofil under ältningsfasen hos fetter med olika förtjock\-ningsmedel. Att använda en ökande hastighetsprofil gav minst påverkan på fetternas egenskaper. I den andra och tredje studien studerades effekten av olika förtjockningsmedel på smörjprestanda under konstanta förhållanden under den så kallade blödningsfasen. Polypropylenfett minskade energiförbrukningen för det fettsmorda lagret i jämförelse med litiumkomplexfett. Ett modifierat polypropylenfett, med återvunnen polypropylen i förtjockningsmedlet, utvärdera\-des också. Experimenten med fettet innehållande återvunnen polypropylen avslutades framgångsrikt utan spår av lagerskador och med ett friktionsmoment som låg mellan litiumkomplex- och polypropylenfettet. Detta representerar en milstolpe i utvecklingen av fetter med återvunnet material. En fjärde studie utvärderade effekterna av tre olika förtjockningsmedel (litiumkomplex, polyurea (diurea) och polypropylen) gällande smörjprestanda och energibesparingspotential under långvariga transienta och variabla hastighetsförhållanden, typiska för elmotorer i batteridrivna elfordon. Från analysen av friktionsmoment blir slutsatsen att förtjockaren påverkar friktionsmomentet genom dynamisk blödning och att friktionsmomentet under både stationära och transienta hastighetsförhållanden till övervägande del styrs av rullfriktion. I den femte studien resulterade tillsatsen av en icke-halogenerad jonisk vätska till ett litiumkomplexfett i en drastisk minskning av energiförlusten med 45%. Genomförbarheten och potentialen för att använda detta nya fett under e-motortillstånd diskuteras. Slutligen uppskattades det totala miljöavtrycket (kg CO2-eq) för ett fettsmort lagersystem (produktion av fett och lager tillsammans med energiförbrukning under en typisk livslängd). En mer optimal design av smörjfett vilket minskar friktionsmoment och de kopplade energiförlusterna säkerställer att den största effekten på utsläpp av CO2-ekvivalenter kan uppnås.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. , p. 83
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2024:15
Keywords [en]
Rolling element bearing, Friction Torque, Grease, Thickener, Ionic liquid, Electric vehicles
Keywords [sv]
Spårkullager, Friktionsmoment, Smörjfet, Jonisk vätska, Elfordon
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-351154ISBN: 978-91-8040-971-1 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-351154DiVA, id: diva2:1886940
Public defence
2024-08-28, Kollegiesallen / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/64977294219, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 2019-002238Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, EM16-0013Swedish Research Council Formas, 2023-02034Swedish Energy Agency, P2020-90310Available from: 2024-08-06 Created: 2024-08-05 Last updated: 2025-12-03Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Influence of the running-in speed profile on ageing of lithium-complex and polyurea greases in rolling bearings
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Influence of the running-in speed profile on ageing of lithium-complex and polyurea greases in rolling bearings
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The churning phase of a grease-lubricated rolling bearing significantly impacts the ageing of the grease, affecting both bearing performance and service life. The knowledge about the influence of the running-in procedure on grease ageing is limited. In this paper, we studied grease ageing in a ball-bearing running-in process with two additive-free greases made with the same base oil but different thickeners: lithium-complex and polyurea. Rheological characterization of the used greases was performed after two different 48-hour running-in speed profiles. Both procedures employed a step-wise running-in process, either increasing or decreasing speed, while maintaining the same total duration and using the same speeds. The results reveal that grease ageing in the bulk and near the raceway varies significantly depending on the speed profile used and the level of ageing induced by the speed profiles is thickener-dependent. The PU grease exhibits more severe ageing when subjected to a running-in profile with sudden high speeds (decreasing speed profile). Conversely, the LiX grease is more susceptible to ageing during a running-in profile with increasing speeds. The implications of the applicability of these speed profiles in industrial and research applications are also discussed. 

Keywords
running-in procedure, bearing friction torque, grease ageing, polyurea, lithium complex
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-351145 (URN)
Note

QC 20240815

Available from: 2024-07-31 Created: 2024-07-31 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved
2. Greases for electric vehicle motors: thickener effect and energy saving potential
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Greases for electric vehicle motors: thickener effect and energy saving potential
Show others...
2022 (English)In: Tribology International, ISSN 0301-679X, E-ISSN 1879-2464, Vol. 167, p. 107400-107400, article id 107400Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Electric vehicle motors in e-drivetrain are equipped with grease-lubricated bearings operating at both low and high speeds with frequent speed changes. The grease-bearing system must secure a long lifespan and low frictional torque to improve efficiency and sustainability. The present paper focuses on the influence of two types of thickener, lithium complex and polypropylene, on the grease lubrication performance under conditions typical for e-motors. The comparison of both thickeners is performed in terms of friction torque and energy consumption in eight long-duration experiments (337 hr). The results show that the polypropylene thickener provides 21.5% lower energy consumption compared to the lithium complex. Changes in grease rheology and degradation in the tests are analysed and correlated with the grease lubrication performance.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2022
Keywords
Bearing friction torque, Grease lubrication, Lithium complex grease, Polypropylene grease
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-309356 (URN)10.1016/j.triboint.2021.107400 (DOI)000761207300002 ()2-s2.0-85121979222 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 2019-002238Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, EM16 – 0013Swedish Research Council, 2018 – 05017
Note

QC 20220301

Available from: 2022-03-01 Created: 2022-03-01 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved
3. Bearing frictional performance of a grease thickened with recycled polypropylene
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Bearing frictional performance of a grease thickened with recycled polypropylene
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In our previous publication, we showed that grease thickened with polypropylene could be a potential contributor to electric motor efficiency by reducing the bearing energy consumption by 22% in comparison to the most common type of grease: lithium grease.  

This work studies the feasibility of using polypropylene grease, with recycled polymer material as part of its thickener, in rolling element bearings operating under conditions typical of an electric motor. The frictional performance of a bearing lubricated with the recycled polymer grease was evaluated in deep groove ball bearings operating for 385-hour experiments under a wide range of speeds (up to 10,000 rpm). Friction torque results were complemented with rheological tests of the greases before and after the tests. The recycled polypropylene grease denoted significant rheological changes after the bearing tests. Such rheological changes were reflected in the higher energy dissipation in comparison to a reference polypropylene grease. However, the grease with recycled polypropylene led to a lower energy dissipation than a reference lithium complex grease. This represents a milestone in the development of greases with recycled materials in the grease thickener and shows the potential of using this grease in a real application. 

Keywords
Grease lubrication, Polypropylene grease, Recycled polymer, Recycled polypropylene, Sustainability
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-351149 (URN)
Available from: 2024-07-31 Created: 2024-07-31 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved
4. Greases for electric vehicle motors: Bearing friction torque under driving cycle conditions and the thickener effect on oil release
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Greases for electric vehicle motors: Bearing friction torque under driving cycle conditions and the thickener effect on oil release
Show others...
2024 (English)In: Tribology International, ISSN 0301-679X, E-ISSN 1879-2464, Vol. 198, article id 109777Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Performance of Lithium Complex (LiX), Polyurea (PU), and Polypropylene (PP) greases in SKF6208 bearings subjected to driving cycle conditions for 28 days (equivalent to 23,000 km of electric vehicle operation) was studied by continuously measuring bearing friction torque and temperature. The energy dissipation was correlated to the differences in oil bleeding and rheology for the three greases. Evolution of the friction torque, friction torque hysteresis, and changes in grease rheology were dominated by the oil release property. The latter was determined by the thickener system and its particular response to the conditions imposed by the driving cycle. A quantitative estimate of the carbon footprint from using these greases to lubricate bearings under driving cycle conditions is also presented.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2024
Keywords
Friction torque, Lubricating grease, Non-steady conditions, Rolling element bearing, Transient conditions
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-347677 (URN)10.1016/j.triboint.2024.109777 (DOI)001266353400001 ()2-s2.0-85195176783 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20240613

Available from: 2024-06-13 Created: 2024-06-13 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved
5. Greases for electric vehicles: a drastic reduction of bearing friction torque by a non-halogenated ionic liquid additive
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Greases for electric vehicles: a drastic reduction of bearing friction torque by a non-halogenated ionic liquid additive
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Due to their advanced tribological and electric properties, ionic liquids (ILs) are seen as potential lubricant additives in emerging green technologies. To verify their potential in complex machinery, an evaluation of tribological performance at the component and machine level is necessary. This work presents the effect of using a non-halogenated ionic liquid as a grease additive in bearings operating under driving cycle conditions. These harsh conditions are designed to be analogous to what a grease-bearing system must endure in an electric vehicle motor. One-month experiments, equivalent to 23,000 km of vehicle operation, were used to evaluate grease additive performance. Our results reveal that the addition of the ionic liquid resulted in a high-impact improvement, reducing bearing friction losses by up to 45%. Grease rheology and surface wetting measurements indicate that the sharp drop in friction torque is related to a complex balance of factors that results in a limited amount of highly effective lubricant products at the contact inlets (optimum degree of starvation).

Keywords
Non-halogenated ionic liquid, Ionic materials, Friction torque, Electric vehicle, Additives, Grease lubrication
National Category
Other Mechanical Engineering
Research subject
Machine Design
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-351150 (URN)
Note

QC 20240813

Available from: 2024-07-31 Created: 2024-07-31 Last updated: 2025-02-14Bibliographically approved

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