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A Metalanguage for Dynamic Attack Graphs and Lazy Generation
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Network and Systems Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6762-3662
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Network and Systems Engineering.
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Network and Systems Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3922-9606
2024 (English)In: ARES 2024 - 19th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, Proceedings, Association for Computing Machinery , 2024, article id 31Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Two types of dynamics are important when modeling cyberattacks: how adversaries chain together techniques across systems and how they change the target systems. Attack graphs are prominent within research communities for automatically mapping and chaining together actions. Modeling adversary-driven system changes is comparatively unexplored, however. One reason could be that modeling adversarial change dynamics poses a blend of problems where the typical attack graph approaches could produce state-space explosions and infinite graphs. Therefore, this work presents the core modeling aspects of the Dynamic Meta Attack Language (DynaMAL), a project to lazily generate attack graphs by combining attack graph construction and simulation methods. DynaMAL lets users declare domain-specific modeling and attack graph generation languages. Then, the attack graphs are generated one step at a time based on the actions of an adversary agent. By only generating what is explicitly requested, DynaMAL can demonstrably change the system model as the attack graph grows while sidestepping typical state-space explosions and graph re-calculation problems. Shifting to a lazy generation process poses new challenges, however. Nevertheless, there is likely a point where lazy approaches will prevail when analyzing large and complex systems.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Association for Computing Machinery , 2024. article id 31
Keywords [en]
attack graph, attack simulation, dynamic attack graph, graph construction, lazy generation, metalanguage
National Category
Control Engineering Computer Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-351959DOI: 10.1145/3664476.3664508ISI: 001283894700031Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85200386230OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-351959DiVA, id: diva2:1890175
Conference
19th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, ARES 2024, Vienna, Austria, Jul 30 2024 - Aug 2 2024
Note

Part of ISBN [9798400717185]

QC 20240830

Available from: 2024-08-19 Created: 2024-08-19 Last updated: 2025-12-19Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Modeling and Simulating Cyberattacks with Dynamic Graphs: With applications to cloud security assessments
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Modeling and Simulating Cyberattacks with Dynamic Graphs: With applications to cloud security assessments
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This dissertation presents a formalism for exploring two fundamental, yet underrepresented, cyberattack dynamics. Namely, how adversary actions drive the emergence of cyberattacks and how adversaries manipulate dynamic system structures, such as by creating and destroying objects. The formalism in question is encapsulated in the Dynamic Meta Attack Language (DynaMAL), a meta-level formalism for modeling and simulating cyberattacks with dynamic graphs. DynaMAL has been designed and developed in accordance with the design science research framework across four studies. The first study introduces an attack graph construction language for assessing cloud architectures and identifies the central problem of representing attacks in which adversaries manipulate dynamic system structures. The second study is a systematic literature review of cyberattack simulations that identifies key simulation concepts used in later stages of the design process. Building on the two initial studies, the third study establishes the cyberattack modeling foundations of DynaMAL, comprising a dynamic graph system, a multi-layered graph model, a lazy graph generation strategy, and the DynaMAL grammar. Finally, the fourth study develops the corresponding discrete-event simulation process for DynaMAL. The resulting capabilities are evaluated through a first simulation experiment that uses three cloud penetration testing scenarios that rely on dynamically creating and destroying resources. The scenarios are then solved automatically with near-optimal results by combining two search and optimization algorithms.

Abstract [sv]

I den här avhandlingen presenteras en formalism för att utforska två fundamentala men underrepresenterade cyberattackdynamiker. Dessa är hur antagonisters handlingar driver fram cyberattacker och hur antagonister manipulerar dynamiska systemstrukturer, till exempel genom att skapa och förstöra resurser. Formalismen i fråga är inkapslad i ett Dynamic Meta Attack Language (DynaMAL), en formalism på metanivå för att modellera och simulera cyberattacker med dynamiska grafer. DynaMAL:s design och utveckling fortlöper genom fyra studier utförda i enlighet med designforskningsramverket. Den första studien bidrar med ett attackgrafkonstruktionsspråk för att utvärdera molnarkitekturer, vilket utvecklar problematiken med att representera när antagonister manipulerar dynamiska systemstrukturer. Den andra studien är en systematisk litteraturstudie som granskar cyberattacksimuleringsforskning och uppdagar flertalet nyckelkoncept som understödjer de senare designaktiviterna. I den påföljande tredje studien etableras ett fundament för cyberattackmodellering innefattandes ett dynamiskt grafsystem, en lagerbaserad grafmodell, en lat grafgenereringsstrategi och DynaMAL-grammatiken. Den fjärde studien färdigställer DynaMAL-formalismen genom att implementera en motsvarande diskret händelsestyrd simuleringsprocess. De resulterande förmågorna utvärderas via ett första simuleringsexperiment, varvid tre molnpenetrationstestningsscenarion som krävde att resurser dynamiskt skapades eller förstördes används. Scenariona löses sedan automatiskt med nära inpå optimala resultat genom att kombinera två sök- och optimeringsalgoritmer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. p. xxiii, 67
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2026:6
Keywords
DynaMAL, attack graph, cyberattack simulation, dynamic graph, adversary-driven, structural dynamics, agent-based, metalanguage, graph construction, computer simulation, threat modeling, cybersecurity, DynaMAL, attackgraf, cyberattacksimulering, dynamisk graf, motståndardriven, strukturell dynamik, agentbaserat, metaspråk, grafkonstruktion, datorsimulering, hotmodellering, cybersäkerhet
National Category
Security, Privacy and Cryptography
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-374603 (URN)978-91-8106-498-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-02-11, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20251219

Available from: 2025-12-19 Created: 2025-12-19 Last updated: 2026-01-12Bibliographically approved

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Engström, ViktorNebbione, GiuseppeEkstedt, Mathias

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