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An anti-sortilin affibody-peptide fusion inhibits sortilin-mediated progranulin degradation
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Protein Technology.ORCID iD: 0009-0006-5954-2201
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Protein Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6104-6446
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Protein Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4214-6991
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Protein Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9282-0174
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2024 (English)In: Frontiers in Immunology, E-ISSN 1664-3224, Vol. 15, article id 1437886Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the GRN gene are a common cause of frontotemporal dementia. Such mutations lead to decreased plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of progranulin (PGRN), a neurotrophic factor with lysosomal functions. Sortilin is a negative regulator of extracellular PGRN levels and has shown promise as a therapeutic target for frontotemporal dementia, enabling increased extracellular PGRN levels through inhibition of sortilin-mediated PGRN degradation. Here we report the development of a high-affinity sortilin-binding affibody-peptide fusion construct capable of increasing extracellular PGRN levels in vitro. By genetic fusion of a sortilin-binding affibody generated through phage display and a peptide derived from the progranulin C-terminus, an affinity protein (A3-PGRNC15*) with 185-pM affinity for sortilin was obtained. Treating PGRN-secreting and sortilin-expressing human glioblastoma U-251 cells with the fusion protein increased extracellular PGRN levels up to 2.5-fold, with an EC50 value of 1.3 nM. Our results introduce A3-PGRNC15* as a promising new agent with therapeutic potential for the treatment of frontotemporal dementia. Furthermore, the work highlights means to increase binding affinity through synergistic contribution from two orthogonal polypeptide units.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Frontiers Media SA , 2024. Vol. 15, article id 1437886
Keywords [en]
protein engineering, affibody molecule, sortilin (SORT1), progranulin (GRN), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), latozinemab, phage display
National Category
Medical Biotechnology (with a focus on Cell Biology (including Stem Cell Biology), Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry or Biopharmacy)
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-352993DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1437886ISI: 001294994300001PubMedID: 39185427Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85201640842OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-352993DiVA, id: diva2:1897318
Note

QC 20240912

Available from: 2024-09-12 Created: 2024-09-12 Last updated: 2026-02-10Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Engineering of affinity proteins for modulation of the sortilin-progranulin axis
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Engineering of affinity proteins for modulation of the sortilin-progranulin axis
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Considerable advances have been made within protein-based dementia therapy in the last few years. Nevertheless, efficient, broadly accessible treatment for this devastating group of disorders remains elusive. In particular, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), is a disorder with very few treatment options. Reduced levels of the secreted protein progranulin (PGRN) is part of the pathological mechanism of a subgroup of FTD. Consequently, elevation of PGRN constitutes a potential therapeutic strategy for this condition.

The work in this thesis aims to modulate PGRN levels using small affinity proteins, and to provide novel knowledge about aspects of PGRN regulation. The PGRN-related proteins sortilin and prosaposin (PSAP) constitute two interconnected pathways for PGRN degradation, making them interesting targets for efforts to increase PGRN levels. In four research papers, this thesis details the investigation and development of small affinity proteins targeting sortilin and PSAP, using methods of directed evolution.

In the first two studies, sortilin-binding proteins were developed based on affibody molecules, with tunable affinity through the combination of several affibody-based domains or peptides derived from natural sortilin ligands. These small affibody-based fusion proteins elevated extracellular PGRN levels in an in vitro model system, with comparable potency to a clinically evaluated sortilin-binding antibody. In the third study, these sortilin-binding proteins were combined with newly developed PSAP-binding affibody molecules. Through simultaneous binding of PSAP and sortilin, these bispecific proteins elevated extracellular PGRN levels beyond the effect of monospecific sortilin-binding proteins alone, constituting a novel strategy with therapeutic potential. In the fourth study, methods of directed evolution were applied to investigate the incompletely understood interaction between sortilin and its propeptide. This provided novel sequence-level information, and identified short peptides with potential as sortilin-binding domains for biotechnological applications.

In conclusion, this thesis provides a toolbox of small affinity proteins for the modulation of the interaction network consisting of PGRN, sortilin, and PSAP. Given the disease involvement of these proteins, the here developed binders hold potential both for therapeutic applications in and beyond FTD, and as tools for furthering our understanding of the sortilin-progranulin axis.

Abstract [sv]

Stora framsteg har gjorts inom utvecklingen av proteinbaserade demensläkemedel under de senaste åren. Effektiva och brett tillgängliga läkemedel saknas dock fortfarande för denna förödande grupp av sjukdomar. Särskilt frontallobsdemens (FTD) utgör en sjukdom med ytterst få behandlingsalternativ. Minskade nivåer av det utsöndrade proteinet progranulin (PGRN) är en del av sjukdomsmekanismen i en undergrupp av FTD, vilket gör höjning av PGRN-nivåer till en möjlig behandlingsstrategi för denna sjukdom.

Arbetet i denna avhandling avser att modulera PGRN-nivåer med hjälp av små affinitetsproteiner, och att tillföra ny kunskap kring aspekter av PGRN-reglering. De PGRN-relaterade proteinerna sortilin och prosaposin (PSAP) utgör två delvis sammankopplade vägar för PGRN-nedbrytning, vilket gör dem till intressanta målproteiner för försök att höja PGRN-nivåer. I fyra forskningsarbeten beskriver denna avhandling undersökning och utveckling av små affinitetsproteiner mot sortilin och PSAP, med hjälp av så kallade riktade evolutionsmetoder.

I de första två arbetena utvecklades sortilinbindande proteiner på basis av affibodymolekyler, med justerbar affinitet genom kombination av flera affibodybaserade enheter eller peptider härledda från naturliga sortilinligander. Dessa små affibodybaserade fusionsproteiner höjde extracellulära PGRN-nivåer i ett in vitro-modellsystem, med jämförbar effektivitet med en kliniskt utvärderad sortilinbindande antikropp. I det tredje arbetet kombinerades dessa sortilinbindande proteiner med nyutvecklade PSAP-bindande affibodymolekyler. Genom samtidig bindning av PSAP och sortilin gav dessa bispecifika proteiner upphov till en större ökning av extracellulära PGRN-nivåer jämfört med enbart sortilinbindande proteiner, och utgör därmed en ny strategi med terapeutisk potential. I det fjärde arbetet användes riktade evolutionsmetoder för att undersöka den ofullständigt förstådda interaktionen mellan sortilin och dess propeptid. Detta gav upphov till ny information på sekvensnivå, och identifierade korta peptider med potential som sortilinbindande enheter för bioteknologiska tillämpningar.

Sammantaget utgör denna avhandling en verktygslåda av små affinitetsproteiner för modulering av det interaktionsnätverk som utgörs av PGRN, sortilin och PSAP. Med tanke på dessa proteiners inblandning i sjukdomar har dessa affinitetsproteiner potential för både terapeutiska tillämpningar i och bortom FTD, och som verktyg för att fördjupa vår förståelse av sortilin-progranulinaxeln.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. p. 112
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2026:8
Keywords
Protein engineering, directed evolution, affibody molecule, sortilin, progranulin, prosaposin, sortilin propeptide, frontotemporal dementia, Protein engineering, affibodymolekyl, riktad evolution, sortilin, progranulin, prosaposin, sortilinpropeptid, frontallobsdemens
National Category
Medical Biotechnology Molecular Biology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-376593 (URN)978-91-8106-537-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-03-06, F3, via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63010543236, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
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Note

QC 2026-02-11

Available from: 2026-02-11 Created: 2026-02-10 Last updated: 2026-03-10Bibliographically approved

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Ek, MoiraNilvebrant, JohanNygren, Per-ÅkeStåhl, StefanLindberg, HannaLöfblom, John

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