Excellent mechanical strength, chemical durability, and thermal stability of high-performance ceramic membrane materials make them exceptionally well-suited for a wide range of applications. This review article explores the latest developments in ceramic membranes, focusing on synthesis methods, design strategies, functional modifications, and potential applications. It starts by reviewing traditional fabrication techniques such as thermal calcination, sol–gel processes, dip coating, and ionic liquid stripping, alongside emerging methods like electrochemical deposition, self-assembly, plasma spraying, and microwave-assisted techniques. And then it examines design strategies aimed at enhancing ceramic membrane performance, including cost evaluation, functional modifications, pore size and porosity regulation, and surface treatments. It also highlights the various applications of ceramic membranes in areas such as water purification, gas separation, energy generation, catalysis, environmental monitoring, and biomedicine. Furthermore, the article discusses future trends and challenges in ceramic membrane technology, intending to offer valuable insights for ongoing research and industrial applications while promoting interdisciplinary technological collaboration.