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Ionospheric Plasma Parameters Measured by SPIDER-2 Sounding Rocket During a Pulsating Aurora Event
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Space and Plasma Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1801-5847
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Space and Plasma Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2422-5426
IRF Swedish Inst Space Phys, Kiruna, Sweden.
Rostock Univ IAP, Leibniz Inst Atmospher Phys, Kuhlungsborn, Germany.
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2025 (English)In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 130, no 2, article id e2024JA032939Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The Small Payloads for Investigation of Disturbances in Electrojet by Rockets 2 (SPIDER-2) sounding rocket was launched from Esrange, Sweden, on the 19th of February 2020 at 23:14 UT. It traversed a pulsating aurora event, deploying eight free falling units which provided in situ multi-point measurements of the electric field, magnetic field and plasma parameters. In this article, the measured plasma parameters have been analyzed and compared with each other and with optical measurements obtained by ground based instrumentation. Peaks in electron density, thermal ion flux and optical emission have been found in the E region. Electron density profiles have been derived from the data collected by the Langmuir probes in two free falling units, the electron probes in the main rocket and the wave propagation experiment. A generally good agreement has been found among the different measurements in the up-leg of the trajectory, while the effect of the rocket wake was evident in the down-leg. The observed electron density profile has been found to agree with an incoming flux of high energetic electrons with energies around 20 keV. Auroral pulsations with a periodicity of 1-2 s have been recorded by an onboard photometer, a ground-based high speed camera, and the in situ thermal ion flux. The percentages of variation between the ON and OFF phases of the pulsations have been quantified for these quantities. The brightness measured by the photometer varies up to 68%, while the thermal ion flux measurements show only a 2.5% variation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Geophysical Union (AGU) , 2025. Vol. 130, no 2, article id e2024JA032939
Keywords [en]
pulsating aurora, sounding rocket, ionosphere, Langmuir probes
National Category
Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-360428DOI: 10.1029/2024JA032939ISI: 001417404200001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85218830130OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-360428DiVA, id: diva2:1940408
Note

QC 20250226

Available from: 2025-02-26 Created: 2025-02-26 Last updated: 2026-05-19Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Multi-Platform Analysis of Aurora: Insights from Rocket, Satellite, and GNSS-TEC Measurements
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multi-Platform Analysis of Aurora: Insights from Rocket, Satellite, and GNSS-TEC Measurements
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis presents a multi-platform investigation of auroral processes, combining in situ measurements, satellite-based optical observations, and satellite-receiver signal analysis.

First, data collected by the SPIDER-2 sounding rocket and its deployed subsystems are analysed to examine the properties of pulsating aurora, providing detailed insight into its altitude, densities, pulsating frequencies and modulation. Combined measurements of Langmuir probes and a wave propagation experiment reveal the altitude profile of the electron density, revealing the peak electron densities of the order of 1011 m-3 at about 100 km altitude. An ion chemistry model allows to derive the energy profile of the precipitating electrons, which is found to peak at about 19 keV. In addition, ion probe and photometer measurements resolve individual pulsations with characteristic periods of about 2 s.

Second, limb observations from the Swedish MATS satellite are used to conduct a statistical study of a particularly poorly understood auroral emission, the O2 atmospheric band at 762 nm. The results reveal a dependence between the geomagnetic activity and magnetic latitude, between the peak emission altitude and the magnetic local time, and between the intensity of the emissions and the emission altitude, providing new information on the characteristics of this auroral emission across both hemispheres.

Third, disturbances in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals are shown to correlate with intensity variations in pulsating aurora, and a novel large-scale statistical analysis of this phenomenon is performed. The study, based on 14 years of data from Swedish receiver stations at auroral latitudes, demonstrates that total electron content (TEC) variations with periods of 33 s and shorter exhibit dependencies consistent with auroral activity in terms of solar cycle, seasonal, and diurnal behaviour. By identifying events associated with pulsating aurora, new relationships are established, including the dependence of pulsation period on magnetic local time, geomagnetic activity, and solar wind conditions, as well as a scaling between TEC fluctuation power and geomagnetic activity.

In summary, this work presents three complementary approaches to studying aurora: a sounding rocket case study, a statistical analysis from satellite limb observations, and an investigation based on GNSS signal disturbances. Together, they bridge small-scale in situ measurements and large-scale observations, advancing the understanding of pulsating aurora and the O2 auroral emission.

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling undersöker norrsken med hjälp av flera metoder, inklusive mätningar direkt i rymden, satellitbilder och analys av satellitsignaler.

Först analyseras data från forskningsraketen SPIDER-2 och dess instrument för att studera pulserande norrsken. Studien ger detaljerad information om höjd, densitet, pulsfrekvens och variationer. Kombinationen av olika mätinstrument visar hur elektrontätheten förändras med höjd, med ett maximum på ungefär elektroner per kubikmeter vid cirka 100 km höjd. Med hjälp av en modell kan man också uppskatta energin hos elektronerna, som når ett maximum runt 19 keV. Dessutom visar mätningar att enskilda pulser har en typisk period på cirka 2 sekunder.

För det andra används observationer från den svenska MATS-satelliten för att göra en statistisk studie av en mindre förstådd typ av norrsken, en syre-emission vid 762 nm. Resultaten visar samband mellan geomagnetisk aktivitet och magnetisk latitud, mellan höjden där emissionen är starkast och lokal magnetisk tid, samt mellan ljusstyrka och höjd. Detta ger ny kunskap om denna typ av norrsken i båda hemisfärerna.

För det tredje visas att störningar i GNSS-signaler (satellitnavigering) hänger ihop med variationer i pulserande norrsken. En stor statistisk studie baserad på 14 års data från svenska mottagarstationer visar att variationer i elektrontäthet följer mönster kopplade till solcykler, årstider och dygn. Studien hittar också nya samband, till exempel mellan pulsperiod och magnetisk tid, geomagnetisk aktivitet och solvinden, samt mellan signalvariationer och geomagnetisk aktivitet.

Sammanfattningsvis använder arbetet tre olika metoder för att studera norrsken: en fallstudie med raket, en statistisk analys med satellitdata och en studie av satellitsignaler. Tillsammans ger de en bättre förståelse av pulserande norrsken och denna typ av syre-emission.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. p. 55
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2026:40
Keywords
Space Plasma, Sounding Rocket, Ionosphere, Langmuir Probes, Pulsating Aurora, GNSS, Total electron content, O2 Aurora, Rymdplasma, Forskningsraket, Jonosfären, Langmuirsonder, Pulserande norrsken, GNSS, Totalt elektroninnehåll, Syrenorrsken
National Category
Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-381119 (URN)978-91-8106-600-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-06-12, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/66144284553, H1, Teknikringen 33, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Research was funded by SNSA (Swedish National Space Agency) contract no. RS 2020-00154

Available from: 2026-05-19 Created: 2026-05-19 Last updated: 2026-06-01Bibliographically approved

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Ivchenko, NickolayTolis, Christos

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