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Upscaling biowaste valorization: A crucial component towards sustainable bioeconomies
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Energy Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6496-3311
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 12: Responsible consumption and production, SDG 17: Partnerships for the goals, SDG 11: Sustainable cities and communities
Abstract [en]

The importance of developing sustainable waste management systems has been globally recognised. As biowaste is the largest fraction of municipal solid waste, it has a crucial role in achieving this objective and relevant policy targets such as the Global Methane Pledge.

In this context, it is essential to valorize unavoidable biowaste to circulate its resource value. Various scientific studies have addressed the technical, economic and environmental aspects of biowaste valorization (BV). However, its socio-technical aspects, which are equally important, have received limited attention so far. This thesis aims to contribute to filling this research gap by addressing the socio-technical aspects of BV and how they influence its upscaling from niche applications to mainstream implementation. More specifically, this thesis aims to provide socio-technical insights on the potential sustainability implications of BV, the practices that can support its upscaling and the lock-ins and path-dependencies involved. It uses a mixed-methods approach and draws data from the scientific literature as well as empirical data from Greece and Sweden, as cases at different phases in their BV transition.

Paper I provides insights into the potential sustainability implications of upscaling BV. Paper II addresses decentralized anaerobic digestion as a BV practice and shows key knowledge gaps and themes for future research and development. Paper III investigates BV development and highlights the need to support both mature and radical innovations to support the adaptive capacity and long-term sustainability of BV systems. Paper IV provides insights into the integration of biowaste as a feedstock in biorefineries to contribute to sustainable BV and bioeconomy systems.

A major contribution of this thesis is that it synthesises evidence on three types of lock-ins that can occur at different phases of the BV transition. I illustrate the challenges to escape the carbon lock-in in the BV context but also show how BV systems can get locked-in to specific treatment technologies (e.g. anaerobic digestion) which can compromise the systems’ adaptive capacity. Moreover, I highlight a potential ‘consumption lock-in’: the risk of upscaling BV at the expense of efforts towards biowaste prevention and redistribution. These three types of lock-ins can lead to path-dependent BV systems and compromise their long-term sustainability.

The thesis findings also highlight the need to address biowaste management in the wider bioeconomy context to unlock synergies with other bioresources and address trade-offs. This requires interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary collaboration among different actors involved in the bioeconomy. However, the findings suggest that such actors still largely operate in silos. The thesis provides insights for researchers and other stakeholders involved in biowaste management and the bioeconomy towards the implementation of sustainable biowaste valorization that addresses context-dependencies.

Abstract [sv]

SammanfattningVikten av att utveckla hållbara avfallshanteringssystem har erkänts globalt. Eftersom bioavfall (mat- och trädgårdsavfall) är den största andelen av kommunalt fast avfall, spelar det en avgörande roll för att uppnå detta mål och relevanta policymål såsom det globala metanlöftet.

I detta sammanhang är det viktigt att värdera oundvikligt bioavfall för att cirkulera dess resursvärde. Olika vetenskapliga studier har behandlat de tekniska, ekonomiska och miljömässiga aspekterna av värdeförädling av bioavfall (BV). Emellertid har dess sociotekniska aspekter, som är lika viktiga, hittills fått begränsad uppmärksamhet. Denna avhandling syftar till att bidra till att fylla detta forskningsgap genom att ta itu med de sociotekniska aspekterna av BV och hur de påverkar dess uppskalning från nischtillämpningar till mainstream-implementering. Mer specifikt syftar denna avhandling till att ge sociotekniska insikter om de potentiella hållbarhetskonsekvenserna av BV, de metoder som kan stödja dess uppskalning och de inlåsningar och beroenden som är inblandade. Den använder en blandad metod och hämtar data från den vetenskapliga litteraturen samt empiriska data från Grekland och Sverige, som fall i olika faser i deras BV-övergång.

Artikel I ger insikter i de potentiella hållbarhetskonsekvenserna av att uppskala bioavfall. Artikel II behandlar decentraliserad rötning som en bioavfallspraxis och visar viktiga kunskapsluckor och teman för framtida forskning och utveckling. Artikel III undersöker bioavfallsutveckling och belyser behovet av att stödja både mogna och radikala innovationer för att stödja den anpassningsbara kapaciteten och den långsiktiga hållbarheten hos bioavfallssystem. Artikel IV ger insikter i integrationen av bioavfall som råvara i bioraffinaderier för att bidra till hållbara bioavfalls- och bioekonomisystem.

Ett viktigt bidrag från denna avhandling är att den sammanfattar bevis för tre typer av inlåsningar som kan uppstå i olika faser av BV-övergången. Jag illustrerar utmaningarna med att undkomma koldioxidinlåsningen i BV-sammanhang, men visar också hur BV-system kan bli låsta till specifika behandlingstekniker (t.ex. rötning) vilket kan äventyra systemens anpassningsförmåga. Dessutom belyser jag en potentiell "konsumtionsinlåsning": risken att uppskala BV på bekostnad av insatser för att förebygga och omdistribuera bioavfall. Dessa tre typer av inlåsningar kan leda till vägberoende BV-system och äventyra deras långsiktiga hållbarhet.

Avhandlingens resultat belyser också behovet av att ta itu med hantering av bioavfall i ett bredare bioekonomiskt sammanhang för att frigöra synergier med andra bioresurser och hantera avvägningar. Detta kräver tvärvetenskapligt och transdisciplinärt samarbete mellan olika aktörer som är involverade i bioekonomin. Resultaten tyder dock på att sådana aktörer fortfarande till stor del verkar i silos. Avhandlingen ger insikter för forskare och andra intressenter som är involverade i hantering av bioavfall och bioekonomi mot ett hållbart genomförande av bioavfallsvärdering som tar itu med kontextberoenden.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. , p. 95
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2025:28
Keywords [en]
biowaste valorization, food waste, sustainable bioeconomy, circular economy, sustainable urban development, sustainability transitions, socio-technical systems, context-dependencies, path-dependencies, anaerobic digestion, lock-in
Keywords [sv]
bioavfallsvärdering, matsvinn, hållbar bioekonomi, cirkulär ekonomi, hållbar stadsutveckling, hållbarhetsövergångar, sociotekniska system, kontextberoenden, vägberoenden, rötning, inlåsning.
National Category
Environmental Management Environmental Studies in Social Sciences
Research subject
Energy Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-365480ISBN: 978-91-8106-332-5 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-365480DiVA, id: diva2:1976266
Public defence
2025-08-21, F3 / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/61240404689, Lindstedtvägen 26-28, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2017-00266Available from: 2025-06-25 Created: 2025-06-24 Last updated: 2025-08-18Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Understanding the interactions between biowaste valorisation and the Sustainable Development Goals: insights from an early transition stage
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Understanding the interactions between biowaste valorisation and the Sustainable Development Goals: insights from an early transition stage
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2024 (English)In: International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, ISSN 1946-3138, E-ISSN 1946-3146, ISSN 1946-3138, Vol. 16, no 1, p. 53-72Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The valorisation of urban biowaste can contribute to a circular and sustainable resource management. However, biowaste valorisation is not inherently sustainable. This study employs the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to investigate the sustainability implications of biowaste valorisation. A narrative literature review provided an overview of the current scientific knowledge on interactions between biowaste valorisation and selected SDG targets. Then stakeholder interviews yielded insights into such interactions in a national context. Our findings show the potential for 19 synergies and 11 trade-offs between biowaste valorisation and 20 selected SDG targets that are addressed in detail. Although the synergies outnumber the trade-offs, different context-dependencies influence the nature and strength of the interactions. We highlight three types of context-dependencies relating to governance. This study informs the scientific community and decision-makers on planning for sustainable biowaste valorisation that addresses context-dependencies. The insights can guide countries and cities at early transition stages towards biowaste valorisation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis Group, 2024
Keywords
biobased resource recovery and biorefinery, circular bioeconomy, organic fraction of municipal solid waste, SDG interactions, urban biowaste valorization
National Category
Environmental Management
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-344543 (URN)10.1080/19463138.2024.2319795 (DOI)001185037800001 ()2-s2.0-85188118633 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20240325

Available from: 2024-03-20 Created: 2024-03-20 Last updated: 2025-06-24Bibliographically approved
2. The Potential Contribution of Decentralized Anaerobic Digestion towards Urban Biowaste Recovery Systems: A Scoping Review
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Potential Contribution of Decentralized Anaerobic Digestion towards Urban Biowaste Recovery Systems: A Scoping Review
2021 (English)In: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 13, no 23, p. 13435-13435Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The potential contribution of decentralized approaches in implementing biowaste recovery systems has attracted interest in urban policy making and scientific research. Although the scientific literature on the topic is rapidly increasing, it is still limited and scattered. A comprehensive overview of current scientific knowledge is thus needed to support future research on decentralized options for biowaste recovery systems. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a mature biowaste treatment technology that recovers energy and nutrients, and can close urban resource loops. Through a scoping literature review, this paper investigated decentralized AD and its potential contribution in implementing urban biowaste recovery systems. We identified opportunities and challenges for planning of decentralized AD, and concluded that these mainly concern: (a) digestate management; (b) the potential for local circularity with product valorization in outlets such as urban agriculture; and (c) the development and application of decision support tools. The findings highlighted the need to enhance scientific evidence on the impact of decentralized AD in different urban contexts. Results from published studies were highly context-specific, making it difficult to draw general conclusions. This study can support the transition to integrated planning of AD and wider urban biowaste recovery systems. Such planning must include a comprehensive analysis of configuration approaches.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI AG, 2021
Keywords
local circularity, decentralized biowaste management, circular economy, bioeconomy, biobased, resource recovery, anaerobic digestion
National Category
Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-305934 (URN)10.3390/su132313435 (DOI)000742956500001 ()2-s2.0-85120827665 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas
Note

QC 20220131

Available from: 2021-12-09 Created: 2021-12-09 Last updated: 2025-06-24Bibliographically approved
3. Path-dependencies in the transition to sustainable biowaste valorization: Lessons from a socio-technical analysis of Sweden and Greece
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Path-dependencies in the transition to sustainable biowaste valorization: Lessons from a socio-technical analysis of Sweden and Greece
2025 (English)In: Waste Management, ISSN 0956-053X, E-ISSN 1879-2456, Vol. 192, p. 47-57Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Achieving sustainable biowaste management is a key challenge for cities worldwide. In this context, biowaste valorization is an indispensable option for managing unavoidable biowaste and reducing the associated methane emissions. Several innovations that enable biowaste valorization are technologically mature. However, their implementation is still limited in most cities around the world. Therefore, it is essential to better understand the different pathways towards implementing biowaste valorization. This paper presents a case-study of two countries at different phases in their transition to biowaste valorization: Sweden as a case at a mature phase and Greece as a case at a formative phase. We apply the Technological Innovation Systems framework to investigate how innovation systems for biowaste valorization develop and associated path-dependencies. Our findings show that various path-dependence lock-ins can occur at different transition phases. Our empirical insights suggest that a focus on the diffusion of certain mature innovations can support the growth of biowaste valorization systems. However, it can also lead to path-dependence lock-ins that influence the systems’ resilience to shocks. We thus recommend decision-makers to pursue balance between the rapid diffusion of mature innovations for biowaste valorization and parallel support for experimenting with more radical innovations to harness the systems’ resilience to shocks.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2025
Keywords
Circular bioeconomy, Lock-in mechanisms, Path-dependency, System resilience, Technological innovation systems, Urban biowaste valorization
National Category
Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-357160 (URN)10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.030 (DOI)001365997500001 ()39586151 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85209884887 (Scopus ID)
Funder
StandUp
Note

QC 20241206

Available from: 2024-12-04 Created: 2024-12-04 Last updated: 2026-04-01Bibliographically approved
4. Integrating biowaste as a feedstock in biorefineries: The next step for sustainable treatment?
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Integrating biowaste as a feedstock in biorefineries: The next step for sustainable treatment?
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Biorefineries have attracted interest in research and practice for their potential contribution to sustainable bioeconomies. This paper addresses municipal biowaste as a feedstock that can be integrated into biorefineries but remains under-researched. We explore the integration of biowaste as a feedstock in biorefineries drawing empirical insights through a stakeholder survey and follow-up interviews with Swedish stakeholders. Our findings show positive attitudes towards biowaste integration. However, it is not a current target of Swedish stakeholders. The respondents ranked highly several challenges related to biorefinery development and biowaste integration, particularly in terms of the investments required for such endeavours. We argue that in pursuing key Swedish goals such as increasing domestic biogas production and biorefinery development, there is an opportunity to rethink visions and narratives for the Swedish bioeconomy. In this context, biowaste can be considered together with other biomass residues and contribute towards feedstock acquisition for sustainable biorefinery development. Our insights from the Swedish case highlight the importance of transdisciplinary collaboration to cross the valley of death for biorefinery development from pilot to commercial scale. Private actors are highly responsible for making the relevant investments, but require policy and financial support from the public sector. In this context, the role of the scientific community and different bioeconomy arenas is crucial in connecting the different types of actors and developing common vocabularies and agendas. These insights can inform other cities and countries for the development of their bioeconomies and biowaste management. 

Keywords
integrated biorefineries, biowaste valorization, bioeconomy, valley of death, stakeholder views
National Category
Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-365576 (URN)
Note

QC 20250626

Available from: 2025-06-24 Created: 2025-06-24 Last updated: 2025-06-26Bibliographically approved

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