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Innovation, Technical Change and the Labour Market
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Industrial Economics and Management (Dept.), Accounting, finance, economics and organization (AFEO).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1815-5823
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This doctoral thesis consists of four papers. The two first papers are related to financial economics and the other two to labour economics. All four papers deal with microeconomics analysis of individuals and firms. Where the first two are from a firm's perspective and the two are from an individuals perspective. Moreover, all four papers underline the importance of innovation for productivity, competitiveness and economic growth. In the first essay we use German Community Innovation Survey to identify financially constrained firms. Contrary to previous studies we find that the relationship between financial constraints and firm size is inverted u-shaped and that it is the group of medium sized firms which has the largest funding gaps. This is explained by the fact that these firms have high innovation capabilities but at the same time face high cost of capital. Furthermore, we test if financial constraints have an impact on firm productivity growth. We find negative effects from funding gaps on productivity, but only for investment in tangible capital and not for innovation investments. The second essay investigates whether there has been a change in the productivity and funding mix of innovative Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) post stricter bank regulations. Our result shows that the likelihood of using bank loans as a funding source has not changed for innovation investments nor for tangible investments after stricter capital regulations have been announced. On the other hand, sources such as subsidies have increased due to regulatory programs that have been implemented in the aftermath of the recent financial crisis. Furthermore, SMEs productivity has not changed post stricter bank regulations. Overall, the impact from different sources of funding on productivity is rather limited. The third essay explores firm formation by migrants with a STEM background. The result shows that native born STEM workers have a higher probability to form firms relative to migrants. Further categorization of migrants shows that refugees are more likely to become entrepreneurs than EU-labour migrants. Overall, entrepreneurial migrants have equal or higher predicted income in comparison to native born STEM entrepreneurs. The fourth essay analysis wage effects from changing work tasks using a tasked-based approach where workers are mapped in a two dimensional model classified by their cognitive and routine task content. The result shows clear signs of wage polarization. A switch from routine and manual tasks to non routine cognitive task yields an average wage premium of about 2-6%. More importantly, while the gap was 1-5% in the beginning of the period, it increased to 10-13% at the end of the period. The result suggest that adapting new production technology and innovations to complement analytical skills has a higher and increasing marginal productivity compared to technologies aimed to replace or complement routinized and manual work tasks. The period of this study is associated with several so-called breakthrough technologies such as, computerization, robotization, digitalization and the introduction of IT technology.

Abstract [sv]

Denna doktorsavhandling består av fyra uppsatser. De två första är inriktade mot finansiell ekonomi och de två senare mot arbetsmarknadsekonomi. Samtliga fyra uppsatser bygger på mikroekonomiska analyser av individer och företag, där de två första utgår från ett företags­perspektiv och de två senare från ett individperspektiv. Dessutom understryker alla fyra uppsatser innovationens betydelse för produktivitet, konkurrenskraft och ekonomisk tillväxt.

I den första uppsatsen använder vi den tyska Community Innovation Survey för att identifiera finansiellt begränsade företag. Till skillnad från tidigare studier finner vi att sambandet mellan finansiella begränsningar och företagsstorlek har en inverterad U-form och att gruppen med medelstora företag har de största finansieringsgapen. Detta förklaras av att dessa företag har hög innovationskapacitet men samtidigt möter höga kapitalkostnader. Vidare prövar vi om finansiella begränsningar påverkar företagens produktivitetstillväxt. Vi finner negativa effekter av finansieringsgap på produktiviteten, men endast för investeringar i materiellt kapital inte för innovationsinvesteringar.

Den andra uppsatsen undersöker om produktivitet och finansieringsmixen hos innovativa små och medelstora företag (SME) har förändrats efter skärpta bankregleringar. Våra resultat visar att sannolikheten att använda banklån som finansieringskälla inte har förändrats vare sig för innovationsinvesteringar eller för materiella investeringar efter att strängare kapitalregler aviserats. Däremot har finansieringskällor såsom bidrag ökat till följd av program som infördes i efterdyningarna av den senaste finanskrisen. Vidare har SME:s produktivitet inte förändrats efter de skärpta bankreglerna. Sammantaget är effekten av olika finansieringskällor på produktiviteten relativt begränsad.

Den tredje uppsatsen analyserar företagsbildning bland migranter med STEM-bakgrund. Resultaten visar att inrikes födda STEM-arbetstagare har högre sannolikhet att starta företag än migranter. En ytterligare uppdelning av migrantgruppen visar dock att flyktingar är mer benägna att bli entreprenörer än EU-arbetskraftsinvandrare. Överlag har entreprenöriella migranter lika hög eller högre förväntad inkomst jämfört med inrikes födda STEM-entreprenörer.

Den fjärde uppsatsen analyserar löneeffekter av förändrade arbetsuppgifter med en uppgiftsbaserad ansats, där arbetstagare placeras i en tvådimensionell modell utifrån kognitivt respektive rutinmässigt arbetsuppgiftsinnehåll. Resultaten visar tydliga tecken på lönepolarisering. Ett skifte från rutin- och manuella uppgifter till icke-rutinmässiga kognitiva uppgifter ger en genomsnittlig lönepremie på cirka 2–6 %. Medan lönegapet låg på 1–5 % i början av perioden ökade det till 10–13 % mot slutet. Resultaten tyder på att ny produktionsteknik och innovationer som kompletterar analytiska färdigheter har högre och stigande marginalproduktivitet jämfört med teknik som syftar till att ersätta eller komplettera rutinerade och manuella arbetsuppgifter. Studieperioden sammanfaller med flera så kallade genombrottsteknologier såsom datorisering, robotisering, digitalisering och informations­teknikens genomslag.

 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. , p. 167
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2025:32
Keywords [en]
Financial constraints and SME innovation capability, Bank regulation, STEM entrepreneurs, Work task and marginal wages.
National Category
Economics
Research subject
Economics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-367240ISBN: 978-91-8106-353-0 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-367240DiVA, id: diva2:1984370
Public defence
2025-09-05, F3 / https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_YgwzyR0tRJSFKX4qh721Dg, Lindstedtvägen 26-28, stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-08-14 Created: 2025-07-15 Last updated: 2025-09-15Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Migrant STEM Entrepreneurs
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Migrant STEM Entrepreneurs
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

STEM workers are considered to be key drivers of economic growth in the developed world. Migrant workers play an increasing role in the supply of workers for this occupational category. We study the universe of STEM workers in the Swedish economy over the period 2003-2015 and find that mi- grants are less likely to form their own businesses but that those who are entrepreneurs earn incomes at least as large as those of their native-born counterparts. While the income differential for labour migrants may be partially explained by self-selection, the estimated effect is not significantly different between natives and refugee migrants.

Keywords
STEM, migration, entrepreneurship, income, panel data
National Category
Economics
Research subject
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-367238 (URN)
Note

Submitted to Journal of Technology Transfer, ISSN 0892-9912, EISSN 1573-7047

QC 20250718

Available from: 2025-07-15 Created: 2025-07-15 Last updated: 2025-07-18Bibliographically approved
2. Has the Funding Mix of German Firms ChangedAfter Stricter Bank Regulation?
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Has the Funding Mix of German Firms ChangedAfter Stricter Bank Regulation?
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Using a panel of about 6,000 firms from the Mannheim innovation survey, we study whether stricter bank regulations have changed the funding mix of firms. In particular, we shed light on the question of whether the importance of bank financing for tangible investments or innovation expenditures has decreased since stricter regulations were imposed. The results of the multivariate probit models show that the likelihood of using bank loans for financing tangible investments or innovation expenditures has not changed following stricter bank regulations. Our results show that the likelihood of using bank loans as a funding source has not changed for tangible investments and innovation investments after stricter capital requirement regulations were announced. However, the probability of using other external funding sources, such as mezzanine capital and overdrafts, has decreased. On the other hand, subsidies have increased due to programs that were implemented in the course of the financial crisis. Strong evidence is found that medium- sized firms use more bank loans than both smaller and larger firms. Furthermore, small and medium-sized enterprises’ productivity has not changed in light of stricter banking regulations. Overall, the impact from funding sources on productivity is rather limited. However, firms that have used mezzanine capital or subsides exhibit significantly lower productivity.

Keywords
funding mix, innovation expenditures, investment, bank loans, bank regulation
National Category
Economics
Research subject
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-367237 (URN)
Note

Submitted to Industry and Innovation, ISSN 1366-2716, EISSN 1469-8390

QC 20250718

Available from: 2025-07-15 Created: 2025-07-15 Last updated: 2025-07-18Bibliographically approved
3. Funding gap for innovation and firm size: an inverted u-shape relationship
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Funding gap for innovation and firm size: an inverted u-shape relationship
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Using the German Community Innovation Survey, we identify financially constrained firms using an ideal test. Contrary to previous studies, we find that the relationship between financial constraints and firm size is characterized by an inverted u-shape and that the group of medium-sized firms has the largest funding gaps. This last finding is explained by the fact that these firms have high innovation capabilities but, at the same time, face high capital costs. Furthermore, we test what consequences funding gaps have for subsequent productivity growth. We find negative effects of funding gaps on productivity, but only for investment in tangible capital, not innovation.

Keywords
Financial constraints, SMEs and innovation capability
National Category
Economics
Research subject
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-367236 (URN)
Note

Submitted to Small Business Economics, ISSN 0921-898X, EISSN 1573-0913

QC 20250718

Available from: 2025-07-15 Created: 2025-07-15 Last updated: 2025-07-18
4. Technological change, job tasks and wages
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Technological change, job tasks and wages
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Occupations include a set of work tasks that continuously undergo changes, interms of skills required, employment, productivity and wages, as a consequence of improvements in production technology. This paper focuses on wages, analysing the marginal effect of switching between four broad categories of work tasks over a 13-year period. Exploiting almost universal employer–employee data for the Swedish labour market for 2003–2015, our fixed-effect estimates suggest a wage premium of approximately 4% when switching from manual work tasks with a large routine content such as production, craft and repair, to non-routine cognitive (NRC) tasks. The latter type of occupational task includes professionals, managers, technicians and associate professionals.The wage effect is even larger, about 6% for workers moving from mainly service tasks classified as routine cognitive to NRC tasks. The wage premium is highest for shifting to NRC tasks from non-routine manual work tasks, such as personal care, personal services and food and cleaning services. The average effect is approximately 8%. A key finding in the study is that the wage premium for shifting to NRC job tasks from all other parts of the labour market increases substantially over the period analysed. The results indicate that adapting technology to complement analytical skills has a higher marginal productivity compared to technologies aimed at replacing or complementing routinised and manual work tasks.

Keywords
Technological change, marginal productivity, wages, work tasks, employer- employee data
National Category
Economics
Research subject
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-367239 (URN)
Note

Submitted

QC 20250718

Available from: 2025-07-15 Created: 2025-07-15 Last updated: 2025-07-18

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