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Tuition fees for international students: a policy instrument of cost sharing and control or simply income generation
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Learning, Learning in Stem.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9262-2071
2025 (English)In: European Journal of Higher Education, ISSN 2156-8235, E-ISSN 2156-8243, Vol. 15, no 3, p. 446-466Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The introduction of tuition fees in Sweden in 2011 is an interesting example of how the design of a tuition fee reform for international students surges beyond simple narratives of revenue generation. More than 10 years after implementing the Swedish reform, this article examines to what extent such market-oriented instruments induce HEIs and the government to seek revenue on the global market. Through a comprehensive analysis, the research employs two theoretical models–the ‘revenue-seeking’ and the ‘cost-sharing and control’ model–to explore the inherent hybridity governance features between market and state-centred objectives. The findings reveal that while the reform primarily adheres to its intended goals of cost-sharing and controlled internationalisation, there is an emerging trend towards revenue generation, particularly in HEIs with strong market positions and in lucrative disciplines like Engineering & Technology and Business Management. The study highlights the reform’s multifaceted impact, aligning with state-centric objectives but gradually shifting towards a revenue-seeking approach. This research contributes to understanding the nuanced effects of tuition fee policies on HEIs and calls for further comparative studies to deepen insights into the diverse outcomes of such reforms in the context of higher education internationalisation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Informa UK Limited , 2025. Vol. 15, no 3, p. 446-466
Keywords [en]
cost-sharing of higher education, international student recruitment, revenue from international students, Tuition fee reform
National Category
Business Administration Economics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-367400DOI: 10.1080/21568235.2024.2353757ISI: 001239822100001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85195276261OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-367400DiVA, id: diva2:1984795
Note

QC 20260129

Available from: 2025-07-17 Created: 2025-07-17 Last updated: 2026-01-29Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Reaping opportunities and responding to threats of academic internationalisation: Navigating inherent tensions through a mix of policy instruments
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Reaping opportunities and responding to threats of academic internationalisation: Navigating inherent tensions through a mix of policy instruments
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis investigates how governments respond to the threats and opportunitiesposed by academic internationalisation within an increasingly complex global setting.The primary focus is on the mix of policy instruments employed to navigate thetensions between openness vs protectionism and autonomy vs government control. Focusing on Sweden and the broader Nordic context, the study examines how instruments across three distinct modes – hierarchical, market-based, and networked– are designed, combined and recalibrated to balance competing rationales within ahybrid governance setting. Two research questions guide the analysis: (1) How and why do governments designand implement policy instrument mixes to steer academic internationalisation, andhow are these shaped by competing governance rationales and the tensions between(i) openness and protectionism and (ii) autonomy and state control? (2) How do these policy instrument mixes shape the conditions and trade-offs associated with academicinternationalisation? The conceptual framework emphasises how policy instruments operate in a multilayeredhigher education (HE) system, including government ministries, intermediaryfunding agencies, and higher education institutions (HEIs). By drawing on literaturerelated to hybridity in HE governance, internationalisation, policy instruments, andmetagovernance, the framework establishes a foundation for addressing the research questions. Empirically, the thesis comprises four articles that explore three policy settings:international student recruitment, bilateral research funding/science diplomacy, andresearch security. A qualitative, multi-case policy analysis is employed to illustrate howthese instruments are constructed, interpreted, and implemented across the multilayeredHE policy system. Quantitative data are also partially used to triangulatefindings and to enhance a mixed-methods approach. In the concluding discussion, the thesis highlights the significance of combiningvarious policy instruments, and their relationship to governance modes in establishingconditions for academic internationalisation. Governance is portrayed as a process ofcontinuous recalibration, where autonomy, control, openness, and protectionism arerelational dynamics influenced by instrument design, actor agency and implementationprocesses. From this perspective, the governance of internationalisation is less aboutseeking an optimal balance than about managing ongoing negotiations betweencompeting imperatives, a challenge likely to intensify amid growing geopolitical uncertainties.

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling studerar hur regeringar svarar på de hot och möjligheter somakademisk internationalisering innebär i en alltmer komplex global kontext. Analysensfokus ligger på hur policyinstrument kombineras och hur de används för att balanseraspänningar mellan öppenhet kontra protektionism och autonomi kontra statligkontroll. Med fokus på Sverige, och en bredare nordisk kontext, undersöks hurinstrument inom tre distinkta styrformer – hierarkiska, marknadsbaserade ochnätverksbaserade – utformas, kombineras och justeras. Två forskningsfrågor vägleder analysen: (1) Hur och varför utformar och genomförregeringar policyinstrumentkombinationer i styrningen av akademiskinternationalisering, och hur formas dessa av spänningar mellan (i) öppenhet ochprotektionism och (ii) autonomi och statlig kontroll? (2) Hur formar dessapolicyinstrument villkor och avvägningar för akademisk internationalisering?Det konceptuella ramverket betonar hur policyinstrument verkar i ett flerskiktathögskolesystem bestående av regeringsdepartement, forskningsfinansiärer ochlärosäten. Med utgångspunkt i litteratur om hybriditet i styrning av högre utbildning,internationalisering, policyinstrument och metastyrning utgör ramverket en grund föratt besvara forskningsfrågorna. Empiriskt består avhandlingen av fyra artiklar som spänner över tre policykontexter:internationell studentrekrytering, bilateralforskningsfinansiering/vetenskapsdiplomati samt forskningssäkerhet. En kvalitativ, flerfallsbaserad policyanalys används för att visa hur instrument konstrueras, tolkasoch implementeras i olika institutionella och nationella kontexter. Kvantitativa dataanvänds också i viss utsträckning, både för att triangulera resultaten och som del av en’mixed methods’-ansats.I den avslutande diskussionen framhäver avhandlingen hur kombinationen av olikapolicyinstrument, och deras koppling till en styrningsform, har betydelse för att skapaförutsättningar för akademisk internationalisering. Styrning framträder som enprocess av kontinuerlig kalibrering, där autonomi, kontroll, öppenhet ochprotektionism inte är binära val utan formade av instrumentens utformning, aktörershandlingsutrymme och implementeringsdynamik. Ur detta perspektiv handlarstyrningen av internationalisering mindre om att söka en optimal balans och mer omatt hantera spänningar mellan konkurrerande imperativ – en utmaning som sannoliktintensifieras i takt med växande geopolitiska osäkerheter.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2025. p. ix, 76
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2025:38
Keywords
Internationalisation, policy instrument mix, hybrid governance, science diplomacy, research security, international student recruitment
National Category
Other Social Sciences
Research subject
Technology and Learning
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-370636 (URN)978-91-8106-412-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-10-24, Kollegiesalen / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/66631031593, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-10-01 Created: 2025-09-29 Last updated: 2025-10-20Bibliographically approved

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