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Advancing methods for citizens and design professionals to improve decision-making about socially desirable built environments and public spaces
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Ergonomics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7879-9524
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being
Abstract [en]

Research indicates that despite the emphasis on people in sustainability, social sustainability in the planning process remains underdeveloped and often overlooked. This dissertation is based on the hypothesis that user participation positively influences the planning process and serves as an effective way to foster greater engagement among affected citizens. Increased citizen involvement provides planners with deeper insights into which issues are important for the city and its residents, particularly in neighborhoods impacted by ongoing planning processes. Ultimately, this leads to a planning process that emphasizes social sustainability as a key quality.

Although there are many different ways and incentives for public involvement in Sweden, researchers indicate that local implementation of these measures is lacking. This dissertation presents five research methods that help planners evaluate the quality of built projects and public spaces in Nordic cities while also gathering citizens' opinions on specific planning issues and locations. The methods and findings focus on addressing critical challenges necessary for enhancing social sustainability.

These methods support planners in understanding what citizens value in these projects and demonstrates how social values in public spaces can be measured and assessed. Papers I and II explore how existing methods have limitations in involving people in urban planning, often excluding community members and overlooking the perspectives of diverse age, ethnicity, and gender groups. The absence of reliable methods can lead to disengagement and conflicts between the community’s desired environment and what planners ultimately deliver. An effective dialogue between users and planners is essential for urban development processes aimed at enhancing social sustainability.

There is a need for simpler approaches and methods that help residents actively shape their surroundings. Papers I and II used a photo-elicitation method, where participants use photos during interviews to share thoughts and gain deeper insights. In Paper I, 457 participants assessed urban design features, while a separate study in Paper II involved 400 participants exploring color scheme preferences across different demographic groups. The findings from Papers I and II contribute to the development of an innovative method that helps urban planners and architects gain valuable insights into citizens' opinions and sociodemographic evaluations of built projects.

Papers III and IV focus on developing a method to quantify social values in urban public spaces. This method, called the “social space ratio,” assesses social sustainability, which is often at risk of being overlooked in today’s planning processes. Existing methods struggle to measure the extent of activities in public spaces that foster social interaction and are often not adapted to local contexts. Paper III uses the PRISMA method to evaluate seven social activities on Karlstad’s pedestrian streets, leading to the creation of eight assessment tools and the development of the social space ratio. This tool will help municipal planners analyze the use of public spaces and identify areas for improvement.

Paper IV adapts two methods—Jan Gehl’s twelve quality criteria as the “easy-to-use” method and the "building blocks" from Design for Social Sustainability as the evidence-based method—to Swedish contexts. It expands the assessment criteria to include social and cultural aspects while aligning them with Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, critical theories, and global priorities. The result is a user-friendly assessment tool in the form of a radar chart that visually highlights strengths and weaknesses, providing planners with clear and actionable knowledge to improve urban spaces in a social context.

Paper V addresses the issue of subjectivity in assessment methods for social sustainability in urban spaces. Its aim is to determine whether multiple assessors can reach a consensus, identify the most effective method, and measure alignment with the author’s initial assessment. Engineering students from Karlstad University tested three methods—the author’s method, Jan Gehl’s twelve quality criteria, and a structured survey—against the author’s original assessment. Seven student groups completed the first round of assessments, followed by twelve individual students for the second and third rounds. The author's method demonstrated the highest reliability in subjective assessments, achieving a 75% consensus rate, with significant differences observed in only two of the eight evaluated categories. This was followed by Jan Gehl’s method and the structured survey, which achieved 67.0% and 50.0% consensus, respectively. The study suggests that subjective methods for assessing social sustainability can yield similar results, with the author’s method proving to be more objectively applicable than the other two tested methods -Jan Gehl’s twelve quality criteria, and a structured survey

The dissertation findings offer methods and insights to help urban planners and decision-makers understand what citizens value in projects and demonstrate how social values in public spaces can be measured and assessed objectively to enhance social sustainability in urban development. They also support the development of the Social Area Factor, similar to the Green Area Factor. 

Abstract [sv]

Avhandlingen bygger på hypotesen att brukarmedverkan är positiv för planeringsprocessen och ett effektivt sätt att skapa större engagemang bland berörda medborgare. Ökat medborgarengagemang ger planerarna ökat stöd i vilka frågor som är viktiga för staden och för de boende de stadsdelar berörs av aktuella planeringsprocesser. Sammantaget ger detta en planeringsprocess med fokus på social hållbarhet som en viktig kvalitet i planeringsprocessen.

Även om det finns många olika sätt och incitament för medborgardeltagande i Sverige, visar forskning att den lokala implementeringen av dessa åtgärder brister. Avhandlingen presenterar fem undersökningsmetoder som ger planerare dels stöd bedömning av kvaliteten på byggda projekt och offentliga rum i nordiska städer och dels underlag för medborgarnas åsikter om specifika planeringsfrågor och platser. Undersökningsmetoderna och resultaten från undersökningen har fokus på de viktiga utmaningar som krävs för ökad social hållbarhet.

Avhandlingens resultat ger stöd för planerare att förstå vad medborgarna värdesätter i dessa metoder och visar hur sociala värden i offentliga rum kan mätas och bedömas. Papper I och II undersöker hur befintliga metoder har begränsningar när det gäller att involvera människor i stadsplanering, som ofta utesluter samhällsmedlemmar och ignorerar synpunkter från olika ålders-, etnicitets- och könsgrupper.  Avsaknaden av tillförlitliga metoder kan bidra till bristande engagemang och även motsättningar mellan vilket samhälle brukarna/de boende vill ha och det som planerarna och planeringsprocessen levererar. En fungerande dialog mellan brukarna och planerarna är en avgörande del i en planeringsprocess och samhällsbyggande för ökad social hållbarhet.

Det behövs enklare tillvägagångssätt och metoder för att hjälpa invånarna att aktivt forma sin omgivning. I Paper I och II beskrivs en undersökningsmetod, foto-elicitering, där deltagare använder fotografier under intervjuer för att dela sina tankar och få djupare insikter. I undersökningen med 457 deltagare i Paper I bedömdes stadsdesignegenskaper, medan en separat undersökning med 400 deltagare i Paper II utforskade färgschemapreferenser över olika demografiska grupper.

Resultaten av paper I och II är en metod som ger stöd för stadsplanerare och arkitekter att få värdefulla insikter och kunskaper om medborgarnas åsiker och även sociodemografiska utvärderingarna av byggda projekt.

Papper III och IV fokuserar på att beskriva utvecklingen av en metod för att kvantifiera sociala värden i urbana offentliga rum. Med metoderna (Social space ratio) bedöms social hållbarhet, som ofta riskeras förbises i dagens planeringsprocesser. Med befintliga metoder är det svårt att mäta omfattningen av de aktiviteter i det offentliga rummet som förbättrar social interaktion. Befintliga metoder saknar ofta anpassning till lokala sammanhang. Papper III använder PRISMA-metoden för att utvärdera sju sociala aktiviteter på Karlstads gågator, vilket lett fram till skapandet av åtta bedömningskriterier och utvecklingen en av en metod för att beräkna en socialytfaktor. Socialytfaktorn kommer vara ett verktyg där kommunala planerare kan analysera användningen av offentliga utrymmen och identifiera förbättringsområden.

Papper IV anpassar två befintliga metoder – Jan Gehls tolv kvalitetskriterier som den 'lättanvända' metoden och 'byggstenarna' från Design for Social Sustainability som den evidensbaserade metoden – till svenska sammanhang. Det utökar bedömningskriterierna för att inkludera sociala och kulturella aspekter samt anpassar dem till Maslows behovshierarki, kritiska teorier och globala prioriteringar. Resultatet i Papper IV är ett radardiagram som visuellt visar styrkor och svagheter i ett socialt sammanhang. Det ger tydlig och handlingsbar kunskap för att förbättra stadsrum.

Papper V tar upp frågan om subjektivitet i bedömningsmetoder för social hållbarhet i stadsrum. Syftet är att fastställa om flera bedömare kan nå en konsensus, identifiera den mest effektiva metoden samt mäta överensstämmelsen med författarens ursprungliga bedömning.

Ingenjörsstudenter från Karlstads universitet testade tre metoder – författarens metod, Jan Gehls tolv kvalitetskriterier och en strukturerad undersökning – mot den ursprungliga bedömningen. Sju studentgrupper genomförde den första bedömningen, följt av 12 individuella studenter för den andra och tredje bedömningen. Författarens metod visade den högsta tillförlitligheten i subjektiva bedömningar, med 75 % konsensus, där betydande skillnader endast observerades i två av de åtta utvärderade kategorierna. Därefter följde Jan Gehls metod och den strukturerade enkäten, som uppnådde 67,0 % respektive 50,0 % konsensus.  Studien tyder på att subjektiva metoder för att bedöma social hållbarhet kan ge liknande resultat, där författarens metod visade sig vara mer objektivt tillämpbar än de andra två testade metoderna - Jan Gehls tolv kvalitetskriterier och en strukturerad undersökning-?

Avhandlingens resultat erbjuder metoder och insikter som kan hjälpa stadsplanerare och beslutsfattare att förstå vad medborgare värdesätter i projekt och visar hur sociala värden i offentliga rum kan mätas och bedömas objektivt för att stärka social hållbarhet i stadsutveckling. De stödjer även utvecklingen av Socialytfaktorn, liknande Grönytefaktor.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. , p. 76
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2025:22
Keywords [en]
Social sustainability, assessment matrix, visual preference survey, photo-elicitation, social space ratio, participatory planning.
Keywords [sv]
Social hållbarhet, bedömningsmatris, visuell preferensundersökning, foto-elicitation, socialt utrymmesförhållande, deltagande planering.
National Category
Environmental Studies in Social Sciences
Research subject
Technology and Health
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-368229ISBN: 978-91-8106-347-9 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-368229DiVA, id: diva2:1987873
Public defence
2025-09-22, Sal T51, via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65328718619, Hälsovägen 11C, Huddinge, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20250812

Available from: 2025-08-12 Created: 2025-08-08 Last updated: 2025-09-18Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Creating a Participatory Planning Approach Based on Swedish Visual Preferences for Building and Urban Design
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Creating a Participatory Planning Approach Based on Swedish Visual Preferences for Building and Urban Design
2024 (English)In: Advances in Civil Engineering / Hindawi, ISSN 1687-8086, E-ISSN 1687-8094, Vol. 2024, article id 6805815Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This research aims to foster social sustainability by allowing residents to participate in community decisions and creating a sense of belonging. Utilizing the photoelicitation technique, we conducted a visual preference survey with an average of 457 participants in Sweden to assess the physical and urban features of local development projects. The composite assessment of built environment quality was based on 11 qualities: urban planning, building mass configurations, building orientation, parking planning, roof articulation, building materials, color scheme, entrance articulation, fenestration, and balcony articulation and placement. We conducted a subjective qualitative analysis and quantitative evaluation of the photoelicitation data. The study identified the most preferable features leading to the highest rankings, presented a novel method to increase the participatory process's efficacy, and developed an assessment matrix based on the quality ranking of the 12 features. The primary outcome was the development of methods for knowledge transfer and quality assessment of built projects in Nordic cities, with a focus on putting residents' voices front and center in urban development.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley, 2024
Keywords
assessment matrix, photoelicitation, social sustainability, visual preference survey
National Category
Civil Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-355190 (URN)10.1155/2024/6805815 (DOI)001326771800001 ()2-s2.0-85206546369 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20241023

Available from: 2024-10-23 Created: 2024-10-23 Last updated: 2025-08-12Bibliographically approved
2. Public’s Visual Preferences Survey Facilitates Community-Based Design and Color Standards Creation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Public’s Visual Preferences Survey Facilitates Community-Based Design and Color Standards Creation
2024 (English)In: Buildings, E-ISSN 2075-5309, Vol. 14, no 9, article id 2929Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

According to research, there is a disparity in the aesthetic design preferences of the public and architects. This is especially noticeable in urban areas environments, where there is a wide range of demographic variables and a lack of active public involvement in decision-making. The study included a visual preference survey to evaluate the perception and ranking of two dominant color schemes in local development projects in Stockholm across different age, ethnicity, and gender groups from Sweden. Over 400 people participated in the survey, which used photo-elicitation and a literature review. The objective was to determine the extent of divergence and disparities in the ranking of color schemes. The first dominant color schemes are a group of four analogous colors related to the Natural Color System’s (NSC’s) basic colors. The second is a group of four neutral colors that are related to grayscale colors. The study demonstrates that one could also measure building color schemes using visual preference ranking. Moreover, the research introduced a unique method for city planners to understand diverse ethnic, gender, and age group perceptions of color schemes in current projects, promoting active participation in decision-making and providing valuable insights. These insights can enhance people’s sense of belonging, a prerequisite for social sustainability, and improve the quality and profitability of future projects.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI AG, 2024
Keywords
color schemes, photo-elicitation, social sustainability, visual preference survey
National Category
Other Social Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-354648 (URN)10.3390/buildings14092929 (DOI)001324035500001 ()2-s2.0-85205235125 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20241015

Available from: 2024-10-09 Created: 2024-10-09 Last updated: 2025-08-08Bibliographically approved
3. Social Space Ratio: Calculating the Rate of Public Space Activities That Enhance Social Interaction on a Pedestrian Street in Karlstad, Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Social Space Ratio: Calculating the Rate of Public Space Activities That Enhance Social Interaction on a Pedestrian Street in Karlstad, Sweden
2024 (English)In: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 16, no 19, article id 8658Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

William H. Whyte took on the challenge of assessing the amount of public space in a city based on its carrying capacity, pointing out that popular public spaces offer more room for social activities. However, the absence of qualitative characteristics makes this assessment even more challenging to implement. This study aims to find a method to gauge the carrying capacity of urban public spaces by calculating the social space ratio for pedestrian-only streets in Karlstad, Sweden, and quantifying this relationship. The social space ratio represents the proportion of public spaces that foster social interaction throughout their entire area. The method began by selecting the most relevant conceptual framework for social public spaces and then sought theory-based characteristics to assign to seven social activities on Karlstad's pedestrian-only streets. The authors performed a comprehensive search of the literature utilizing the PRISMA approach, gathering information from credible references, placemaking toolkits, transportation toolkits, and academic sources. This was performed to determine the weighting factors and effective social areas by evaluating these activities in terms of nine categories of the chosen framework: accessibility, traffic, social infrastructure, security, places to meet, senses and experience, architecture and aesthetics, development and maintenance, and control and programming. We devised a method to calculate the carrying capacity and social space ratio of Karlstad's pedestrian-only streets, resulting in a ratio of 0.38. The research led to the development of eight quality-control tools to analyze the seven social activities in public places. This innovative approach helps researchers and municipal planners evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of these spaces, contributing significantly to Swedish urban planning and enabling future studies to create a social area factor.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI AG, 2024
Keywords
social space ratio, social area factor, pedestrian-only streets, weighting factors
National Category
Sociology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-355321 (URN)10.3390/su16198658 (DOI)001332964600001 ()2-s2.0-85206577334 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20241029

Available from: 2024-10-29 Created: 2024-10-29 Last updated: 2025-08-08Bibliographically approved
4. The Human City: The Development of an Easy-to-Use Assessment Method Calibrated to Swedish Conditions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Human City: The Development of an Easy-to-Use Assessment Method Calibrated to Swedish Conditions
2024 (English)In: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 16, no 13, article id 5702Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Sustainability encompasses three dimensions: environmental, economic, and social. Among these dimensions, social sustainability presents the most challenging definition and measurement, leading to its frequent neglect. There is therefore a need to increase the measurability of social sustainability. There are several methods for measuring social sustainability, but we can broadly categorize them into two groups: those that are simple and easy to use, and those that are more comprehensive but more challenging to use. Furthermore, there can be a case for increasing the local adaptation of assessment methods regarding social sustainability. In this study, a new easy-to-use assessment method is developed and calibrated to Swedish conditions. We created a total of 40 questions, evenly distributed across 8 categories: architecture and aesthetics, places to meet, social infrastructure, accessibility, traffic, security, senses and experience, and development. The new method strives to be evidence-based and adapted to Swedish conditions. The study resulted in an easy-to-use assessment method adapted to local conditions that can be suitable for simple evaluations of social sustainability in the design of public places. It can be particularly useful when laymen need to understand where the place’s strengths and weaknesses lie in a social context. Since the method is based on subjective assessments, an interesting future study could investigate whether different people can achieve the same results with the developed assessment method.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI AG, 2024
Keywords
matrix for social sustainability, on-site assessments, social sustainability
National Category
Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-350966 (URN)10.3390/su16135702 (DOI)001269733200001 ()2-s2.0-85198405908 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20240725

Available from: 2024-07-24 Created: 2024-07-24 Last updated: 2025-12-05Bibliographically approved
5. Determining the Most Consensus-Based Assessment Method for Social Sustainability—Case Study of a Suburb of Karlstad, Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Determining the Most Consensus-Based Assessment Method for Social Sustainability—Case Study of a Suburb of Karlstad, Sweden
2024 (English)In: Buildings, E-ISSN 2075-5309, Vol. 14, no 11, article id 3395Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

An assessment method for sustainability was developed by the authors in a previous article. Many social sustainability assessment methods rely on assessors’ subjective judgments, which can be problematic. This study aims to examine the level of consensus different assessors can achieve using various assessment methods and to compare their results with an assessment made by one of the authors, to reduce subjectivity. A selective sample of engineering students from Karlstad University were surveyed to test and compare three as-assessment methods against the initial assessment. The three methods are: Woxnerud’s (the authors’) method, Jan Gehl’s twelve quality criteria, and a structured survey. Seven student groups conducted the first assessment, followed by 12 individual students who performed the second and third assessments. The objectives were to determine whether multiple assessors could reach a consensus using each method, identify which method yielded the most consensus and was most effectively implemented, and measure each method’s consonance rate in relation to Woxnerud’s initial assessment. The first method achieved a 75.0% assessor consensus and 98.4% consonance. The second method achieved a 67.0% assessor consensus and 75.0% consonance. The third method achieved a 50% assessor consensus and 91.0% consonance. This limited study suggests that a subjective method, such as an assessment method for social sustainability, can yield somewhat similar results, and in addition, Woxnerud’s method is more objectively applicable than the two other methods tested in this article.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI AG, 2024
Keywords
assessment matrix, on-site assessments, security, social sustainability
National Category
Social Work Information Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-357174 (URN)10.3390/buildings14113395 (DOI)001366806200001 ()2-s2.0-85210257871 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20241217

Available from: 2024-12-04 Created: 2024-12-04 Last updated: 2025-08-08Bibliographically approved

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