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A Generalized Method to Measure the Lorentz Factor from Gamma-Ray Burst Photospheric Emission
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Particle Physics, Astrophysics and Medical Imaging. The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0009-0006-9732-052X
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Particle Physics, Astrophysics and Medical Imaging. The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9769-8016
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Particle Physics, Astrophysics and Medical Imaging. The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7414-5884
2025 (English)In: Astrophysical Journal, ISSN 0004-637X, E-ISSN 1538-4357, Vol. 986, no 2, article id 118Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The properties of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) that are inferred from observations depend on the value of the bulk Lorentz factor, Γ. Consequently, accurately estimating it is an important aim. In this work, we present a method of measuring Γ based on observed photospheric emission, which can also be used for highly dissipative flows that may lead to nonthermal spectral shapes. For the method to be applicable, two conditions need to be met: the photon number should be conserved in the later stages of the jet, and the original photon temperature must be inferred from the data. The case of dissipation via subphotospheric shocks is discussed in detail, and we show that the method is particularly efficient when a low-energy spectral break is identified. We demonstrate the capabilities of the method by applying it to two different GRB spectra. From one of the spectra, we obtain a value for Γ with statistical uncertainties of only ∼15%, while for the other spectrum we only obtain an upper limit.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Astronomical Society , 2025. Vol. 986, no 2, article id 118
National Category
Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-368559DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/add52dISI: 001507176300001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105007933448OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-368559DiVA, id: diva2:1990349
Note

QC 20250820

Available from: 2025-08-20 Created: 2025-08-20 Last updated: 2026-01-14Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Photospheric emission from gamma-ray bursts altered by radiation-mediated shocks
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Photospheric emission from gamma-ray bursts altered by radiation-mediated shocks
2026 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis explores gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), and more specifically the prompt emission phase, which is the first ∼ 10 seconds of gamma-rays. GRBs come from the launching of a relativistic jet in connection with core-collapse supernovae or compact object (neutron star or black hole) mergers. The relativistic jet accelerates and eventually most of the energy is kinetic, and that energy is then somehow converted into internal energy that is emitted in gamma-rays, and is what we observe. The mechanism responsible for this conversion in the prompt phase is not fully understood and this thesis deals with one possible such mechanism, radiation-mediated shocks (RMSs). Such shocks occurring below the photosphere alters the photon spectral energy distribution, which is then released at the photosphere towards an observer. An analogue model of RMSs, called the Kompaneets RMS approximation (KRA) is discussed and then later applied in Paper I & II. In Paper I we generalize a method to measure the bulk outflow Lorentz factor based on the properties of photospheric emission and the evolution of the photon energy distribution in the jet. We find that depending on the quality of the data, either a value or an upper limit can be found for the Lorentz factor. In Paper II we do a time-resolved spectral analysis of GRB 211211A, a GRB with a broad spectrum containing two breaks, one in the tens of keV and one around a few MeV. Using the method presented in Paper I we find typical Lorentz factor values of ∼ 300. From the Lorentz factors and the KRA model we find the time evolution of the RMS parameters, here a strong shock occurring at moderate optical depths. We also show that the KRA model can fit these broad spectra with two breaks very well.

Abstract [sv]

Den här avhandlingen behandlar gammablixtar, och mer specifikt den första delen av dem, som är cirka 10 sekunder lång och observeras som gammastrålning. Gammablixtar kommer från en relativistisk jetstråle som kan skickas ut i samband med supernovor från kollapsen av massiva stjärnor eller sammanslagningen av två kompakta objekt (neutronstjärnor eller svarta hål). Den relativistiska jetstrålen accelererar och till sist är det mesta av energin kinetisk, vilket sen på nåt sätt konverteras till intern energi i form av gammastrålning som vi sen observerar. Mekanismen som konverterar energin är inte helt förstådd och den här avhandlingen behandlar en teori för en sån mekanism, strålningsmedierade chockar.  När chocken sker under fotosfären kommer den ändra spektrala energifördelningen hos fotonerna, vilket sen strålar iväg mot en observatör vid fotosfären. En alternativ mekanism, som nämns snabbt är synkrotronstrålning från kollisionslösa chocker som sker ovanför fotosfären. En analog modell till en strålningsmedierad chock, som kallas "the Kompaneets RMS approximation" (KRA), diskuteras och används sedan i Artikel I & II. I Artikel I generaliserar vi en metod för att mäta Lorentz faktorn hos den relativistiska jetstrålen genom att använda sig av egenskaper hos fotosfären och utveckling av distributionen av fotonenergierna i jetstrålen. Vi hittar att beroende på kvaliten av data kan antingen ett värde eller en övre gräns bestämmas på Lorentz faktorn. I Artikel II gör vi en tidsupplöst spektralanalys av gammablixten GRB 211211A, en gammablixt med ett brett spektrum med två brytpunkter, en vid tiotals keV och en vid några MeV. Vi använder metoden från Artikel I och hittar typiska värden för Lorentz faktorn på ∼ 300. Med det och KRA modellen kan vi hitta tidsutvecklingen av RMS parametrarna, här hittar vi en stark chock som sker på moderata optiska djup. Vi visar också KRA modellen kan anpassa sådana här breda spektrum med två brytningar bra.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. p. 45
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2025:69
Keywords
high-energy astrophysics, gamma-ray bursts, radiation-mediated shocks
National Category
Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology
Research subject
Physics, Atomic, Subatomic and Astrophysics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-374896 (URN)978-91-8106-484-1 (ISBN)
Presentation
2026-01-26, Room FA32, AlbaNova, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Note

QC 2026-01-14

Available from: 2026-01-14 Created: 2026-01-14 Last updated: 2026-01-15Bibliographically approved

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Wistemar, OscarRyde, FelixAlamaa, Filip

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