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Guardian Positioning System (GPS) for Location Based Services
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Software and Computer systems, SCS.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9064-0604
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Network and Systems Engineering. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Communication Systems, CoS. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Software and Computer systems, SCS.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3267-5374
2025 (English)In: WiSec 2025 - Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) , 2025, p. 88-99Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Location-based service (LBS) applications proliferate and support transportation, entertainment, and more. Modern mobile platforms, with smartphones being a prominent example, rely on terrestrial and satellite infrastructures (e.g., global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and crowdsourced Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular, and IP databases) for correct positioning. However, they are vulnerable to attacks that manipulate positions to control and undermine LBS functionality-Thus enabling the scamming of users or services. Our work reveals that GNSS spoofing attacks succeed even though smartphones have multiple sources of positioning information. Moreover, that Wi-Fi spoofing attacks with GNSS jamming are surprisingly effective. More concerning is the evidence that sophisticated, coordinated spoofing attacks are highly effective. Attacks can target GNSS in combination with other positioning methods, thus defenses that assume that only GNSS is under attack cannot be effective. More so, resilient GNSS receivers and special-purpose antennas are not feasible on smartphones. To address this gap, we propose an extended receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) framework that leverages the readily available, redundant, often so-called opportunistic positioning information on off-The-shelf platforms. We jointly use onboard sensors, terrestrial infrastructures, and GNSS. We show that our extended RAIM framework improves resilience against location spoofing, e.g., achieving a detection accuracy improvement of up to 24-58% compared to the state-of-The-Art algorithms and location providers; detecting attacks within 5 seconds, with a low false positive rate.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) , 2025. p. 88-99
Keywords [en]
geolocation apis, localization attacks, secure localization
National Category
Communication Systems Signal Processing Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369405DOI: 10.1145/3734477.3734707ISI: 001539176100010Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105012088988OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-369405DiVA, id: diva2:1995297
Conference
18th ACM Conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks, WiSec 2025, Arlington, United States of America, Jun 30 2025 - Jul 3 2025
Note

Part of ISBN 9798400715303

QC 20250904

Available from: 2025-09-04 Created: 2025-09-04 Last updated: 2025-12-11Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Secure and resilient localisation in cyber-physical systems
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Secure and resilient localisation in cyber-physical systems
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and other assisted positioning infrastructures provide ubiquitous, precise locations for cyber-physical system (CPS), from autonomous vehicles to location-based service (LBS) applications on mobile phones in daily lives. Combining multiple satellite constellations, network infrastructures, and onboard sensors typically makes the position solutions more accurate and robust than any single source alone. 

However, civilian GNSS signals, Wi-Fi beacons, and cellular pilot signals lack cryptographic protection and are therefore vulnerable to signal spoofing attacks. Even if they can be upgraded to support authentication, meaconing or wormhole attacks can relay and falsify the wireless signals and then manipulate the localisation. More seriously, an attacker can selectively jam the wireless signals from specific infrastructures to force CPS to downgrade to less secure signals, which are later spoofed; coordinated adversaries can also target multiple infrastructures simultaneously to manipulate the positioning result. 

This thesis is in the broad area of data trustworthiness for CPS, focusing on the security and resilience of localisation. Emphasis is given on securing the localisation based on GNSS, as they are relevant to a multiplicity of modern systems (e.g., connected vehicles, smartphones, and other Internet-of-Things (IoT) platforms). Significant efforts are dedicated to detecting attacks on position and providing secure and reliable location information, even in the presence of adversaries and benign faults (e.g., challenging propagation environments). Where perfect recovery is unlikely, the proposed methods aim for a best-effort position estimation by opportunistically fusing the remaining available benign signals. 

These efforts are concerned with designing, analysing, implementing, and evaluating diverse protocols that address GNSS-specific attacks, other positioning signal attacks, and simultaneous GNSS with other signal attacks. The approaches are theoretically rigorous, are evaluated through detailed simulations, real-world experiments, and system implementation, proposing concrete defense mechanisms.

Abstract [sv]

Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) och andra infrastrukturer för assisterad positionering tillhandahåller överallt närvarande, precisa positioner för cyber-physical system (CPS) — från autonoma fordon till location-based service (LBS)-applikationer i mobiltelefoner i vardagen. Fusionen av flera satellitkonstellationer, nätverksinfrastrukturer och ombordliggande sensorer gör positionslösningarna mer precisa och robusta än vad varje enskild lokaliseringsmetod kan erbjuda.

Avsaknaden av kryptografiskt skydd för GNSS-signaler, Wi-Fi-beacons och cellulära pilotsignaler gör dem dock sårbara för signalförfalskningsattacker. Även om systemen kan uppgraderas för att stödja autentisering, kan meaconing- och maskhålsattacker vidarebefordra och förfalska trådlösa signaler och därigenom manipulera positionsbestämningen. Ännu värre är att en angripare kan selektivt störa trådlösa signaler från specifika infrastrukturer för att tvinga CPS att falla tillbaka på mindre säkra signaler, vilka därefter kan förfalskas. På liknande sätt kan angriparen samordna attacker för att förfalska samtliga infrastrukturer.

Denna avhandling rör det breda området datatillförlitlighet för CPS, med fokus på säkerhet och motståndskraft vid lokalisering (positionering). Särskild tonvikt läggs på att säkra lokalisering baserad på GNSS, eftersom dessa är relevanta för en mängd moderna system — från smarta/uppkopplade fordon till smartphones och Internet-of-Things (IoT)-plattformar. Betydande insatser ägnas åt att upptäcka attacker mot positionsinformation och att tillhandahålla säker och tillförlitlig platsinformation även i närvaro av angripare och godartade fel (t.ex. i svåra utbredningsmiljöer). I vissa fall sker detta som en best-effort-lösning genom att utnyttja alternativa lokaliseringstekniker.

Dessa insatser omfattar design, analys, implementering och utvärdering av olika protokoll som hanterar GNSS-specifika attacker, andra attacker mot positioneringssignaler samt samtidiga attacker riktade mot GNSS och andra signaler. Metoderna är teoretiskt rigorösa och utvärderas genom detaljerade simuleringar, verkliga experiment och systemimplementation, och föreslår konkreta försvarsmekanismer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. xxi, 39
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2026:5
Keywords
Secure localisation, global navigation satellite system, spoofing detection, cyber physical system, location-based services, opportunistic position information, federated learning, self-supervised learning, multimodal sensing, Säker lokalisering, globalt satellitnavigationssystem, förfalskningsdetektering, cyberfysiska system, platsbaserade tjänster, opportunistisk positionsinformation, federerat lärande, självövervakat lärande, multimodal avkänning
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-374003 (URN)978-91-8106-496-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-01-13, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/62340383473, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20251212

Available from: 2025-12-12 Created: 2025-12-11 Last updated: 2025-12-18Bibliographically approved

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Liu, WenjiePapadimitratos, Panos

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