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Engineering Polyhydroxyurethane Nanocomposites with Cellulose and Chitin Nanomaterials
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemistry, Glycoscience.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5805-0818
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being, SDG 12: Responsible consumption and production, SDG 13: Climate action, SDG 14: Life below water, SDG 15: Life on land
Abstract [en]

The transition toward sustainable polymers requires alternatives to conventional isocyanate-based polyurethanes that retain performance while reducing environmental and health concerns. Polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs), synthesized via cyclic carbonate aminolysis, represent a promising isocyanate-free polyurethane platform, but their development has so far been limited by relatively low mechanical performance and challenges in processing. This thesis addresses these limitations through the design of bio-based PHUnanocomposites reinforced with polysaccharide nanomaterials, with emphasis on interfacial chemistry, nanofiller morphology, and processing strategy.

The first part focuses on interface engineering through epoxy hybridization and polysaccharide reinforcement. Incorporation of epoxy resins into PHU matrices significantly increased modulus and tensile strength, though at the expense of ductility, leading to brittle behavior at higher epoxy contents. Complementary reinforcement with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) provided a more synergistic improvement, enhancing both modulus and strength while maintaining a strain-to-failure above 240%, a key advantage for applications requiring both strength and toughness. A second system based on segmented PHUs reinforced with CNCs and partially deacetylated chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs) demonstrated the critical role of interfacial interactions. CNCs, engaging primarily through hydrogen bonding, tripled the modulus (up to 1.2 MPa), while ChNCs, capable of covalent grafting to the PHU matrix, showed over 140-fold modulus enhancement (58.8 MPa) and a ~20-fold increase in tensile strength compared to neat segmented PHU.

The second part explores processing strategies for PHU-based nanocomposites. Reactive extrusion was employed as a solvent-free route to synthesize PHU/ChNC nanocomposites, achieving homogeneous nanocrystal dispersion and improved thermomechanical stability. These nanocomposites exhibited a storage modulus up to three orders of magnitude higher than neat PHU rubbery state and displayed ferroelectric-like polarization switching, demonstrating potential for energy-harvesting applications. In parallel, an aqueous one-pot synthesis was developed to prepare PHU hydrogels reinforced with chitin nanofibers and form double-network (DN) architectures. These DN hydrogels achieved compressive modulus up to 0.39 MPa in the wet state and tensile Young’s modulus above 20 MPa after drying. The ability to tailor performance through nanofiber surface chemistry and loading demonstrated the versatility of this approach for designing high-performance, sustainable hydrogels.

In summary, this work establishes systematic strategies to improve the mechanical performance of PHUs by combining interfacial engineering with processing control. The findings demonstrate that renewable nanofillers, integrated into tailored PHU matrices through scalable methods, can significantly expand the property profile of these isocyanate-free polymers and open new pathways toward sustainable, high-performance materials.

Abstract [sv]

Övergången mot hållbara polymerer kräver alternativ till konventionella isocyanatbaserade polyuretaner som kan bibehålla prestanda samtidigt sommiljö- och hälsorisker minskas. Polyhydroxyuretaner (PHU), framställda genom aminolys av cykliska karbonater, utgör ett lovande alternativ men begränsas av måttliga mekaniska egenskaper och processeringsutmaningar. Denna avhandling behandlar dessa utmaningar genom att utveckla biobaserade PHU-nanokompositer förstärkta med polysackaridbaserade nanomaterial, med fokus på interfas-kompatibilitet, fyllmedelsmorfologi och processtrategier.

Den första delen betonar interfasengineering genom epoxihybridisering och polysackaridförstärkning. Inblandning av epoxihartser i PHU-matriser ökade elasticitetsmodul och draghållfasthet avsevärt, men på bekostnad av duktilitet, vilket ledde till sprött beteende vid högre epoxiinnehåll. Komplementär förstärkning med cellulosananokristaller (CNC) gav mer balanserade förbättringar genom att öka modul och hållfasthet samtidigt som brottöjningar över 240 % bibehölls, en avgörande fördel för mjuka tillämpningar som kräver seghet. Ett andra system fokuserade på segmenterade PHU förstärkta medCNC och partiellt deacetylerade kitinnanokristaller (ChNC), vilket ytterligare tydliggjorde interfasens betydelse. CNC, bundna via vätebindningar, tredubblade modulen (upp till 1.2 MPa), medan ChNC, kapabla till kovalent bindning med PHU-matrisen, uppnådde mer än 140-faldig ökning av modulen (58.8 MPa) och cirka 20-faldig ökning av draghållfastheten jämfört med obelagd segmenterad PHU.

Den andra delen undersöker processtrategier. Reaktiv extrudering användes som ett lösningsmedelsfritt tillvägagångssätt för att framställa PHU/ChNC nanokompositer med homogen dispersion och förbättrad termomekanisk stabilitet. Dessa kompositer uppvisade lagringsmoduler i det gummielastiska tillståndet upp till tre storleksordningar högre än ren PHU och visade ferroelektriskt liknande polariseringsomkoppling, vilket indikerar potential för energiutvinning. Parallellt tillämpades en vattenbaserad enstegssyntes för att framställa PHU-hydrogeler förstärkta med kitinnanofibrer i dubbelnätverksarkitektur (DN). Dessa DN-hydrogeler uppnådde kompressionsmoduler upp till 0.39 MPa i vått tillstånd och dragmoduler över 20 MPa efter torkning. Möjligheten att anpassa prestanda genom nanofibrernas yt-kemi och inblandning visade ytterligare metodens mångsidighet.

Sammanfattningsvis etablerar detta arbete systematiska strategier för att förbättra de mekaniska egenskaperna hos PHU genom att kombinera interfasengineering med processkontroll. Resultaten visar att förnybara nanofyllmedel, i kombination med skräddarsydd matrisdesign och skalbara processer, kan omvandla PHU till konkurrenskraftiga kandidater föravancerade tillämpningar där hållbara men högpresterande polymermaterial krävs.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. , p. 94
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2025:26
Keywords [en]
Polyhydroxyurethane, epoxy hybrid, cellulose nanocrystals, chitin nanocrystals, chitin nanofibers, mechanical reinforcement, nanocomposites, hydrogels, interface engineering
Keywords [sv]
Polyhydroxyuretan, epoxihybrid, cellulosananokristaller, kitinnanokristaller, kitinnanofibrer, mekanisk förstärkning, nanokompositer, hydrogeler, gränsyteteknik
National Category
Bio Materials Composite Science and Engineering Polymer Chemistry
Research subject
Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369845ISBN: 978-91-8106-384-4 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-369845DiVA, id: diva2:1998280
Public defence
2025-10-14, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63944377485, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Embargo t.o.m. 2026-10-14 godkänt av skolchef Amelie Eriksson Karlström via e-post 2025-10-16

QC 20250917

Available from: 2025-09-17 Created: 2025-09-16 Last updated: 2026-01-22Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals Reinforced Hybrid Polyhydroxyurethane-Epoxy Polymer
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals Reinforced Hybrid Polyhydroxyurethane-Epoxy Polymer
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Polymer Technologies Composite Science and Engineering Polymer Chemistry
Research subject
Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369841 (URN)
Note

QC 20250916

Available from: 2025-09-15 Created: 2025-09-15 Last updated: 2025-09-16Bibliographically approved
2. Synthesis, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Nonisocyanate Thermoplastic Polyhydroxyurethane Nanocomposites with Cellulose Nanocrystals and Chitin Nanocrystals
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Synthesis, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Nonisocyanate Thermoplastic Polyhydroxyurethane Nanocomposites with Cellulose Nanocrystals and Chitin Nanocrystals
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2025 (English)In: Biomacromolecules, ISSN 1525-7797, E-ISSN 1526-4602, Vol. 26, no 6, p. 3481-3494Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Incorporating biobased nanofillers including cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs) into nonisocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) offers a multifunctional approach to improving mechanical and thermal properties while promoting sustainability and green chemistry. Nanocomposites of segmented thermoplastic polyhydroxyurethane (PHU) from vanillyl alcohol bis(cyclocarbonate) (VABC), poly(tetramethylene oxide) diamine (PTMODA), and bis(aminomethyl) norbornane (NORB) reinforced with a low amount of CNCs and partially deacetylated ChNCs were prepared and characterized. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering revealed that partially deacetylated ChNCs were covalently grafted to the PHU through aminolysis of carbonate end groups in the hard segment, while CNCs were mixed with the PHU without interfacial covalent bonding. Consequently, the PHU/ChNC nanocomposites showed nanophase separation with smaller hard domains compared to neat PHU, while the PHU/CNC nanocomposites exhibited a phase-mixed system with broader interface regions. Dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile tests further revealed that the PHU/ChNC nanocomposites demonstrated a 49-fold increase in Young's modulus, a 20-fold increase in ultimate tensile strength, and a three-order-of-magnitude enhancement in storage modulus in the rubbery state compared to the PHU/CNC nanocomposites, highlighting the profound influence of interfacial covalent linkages in enhancing the thermal mechanical performance of segmented PHU.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS), 2025
National Category
Bio Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-364704 (URN)10.1021/acs.biomac.5c00113 (DOI)001485243700001 ()40343709 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105004695950 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20260120

Available from: 2025-07-01 Created: 2025-07-01 Last updated: 2026-01-20Bibliographically approved
3. Synthesis of Polyhydroxyurethane Composites Incorporating Chitin Nanocrystals via Reactive Extrusion for Piezoelectric Applications
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Synthesis of Polyhydroxyurethane Composites Incorporating Chitin Nanocrystals via Reactive Extrusion for Piezoelectric Applications
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Keywords
Polyhydroxyurethane, reactive extrusion, chitin nanocrystals, nanocomposites, nanophase separation, piezoelectricity
National Category
Polymer Technologies Composite Science and Engineering Polymer Chemistry
Research subject
Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369838 (URN)
Note

QC 20250916

Available from: 2025-09-15 Created: 2025-09-15 Last updated: 2025-09-16Bibliographically approved
4. One-Pot Synthesis of Double-Network Hydrogels from Polyhydroxyurethane and Chitin Nanofibers
Open this publication in new window or tab >>One-Pot Synthesis of Double-Network Hydrogels from Polyhydroxyurethane and Chitin Nanofibers
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Polymer Technologies Composite Science and Engineering Polymer Chemistry
Research subject
Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369842 (URN)
Note

QC 20250916

Available from: 2025-09-15 Created: 2025-09-15 Last updated: 2025-09-16Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

The full text will be freely available from 2026-10-14 05:00
Available from 2026-10-14 05:00

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Wijeratne, Pavithra

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