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Influence of train travel direction on bridge-embankment transition zones in high-speed railway ballasted tracks
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0916-4602
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9615-4861
2025 (English)In: Engineering Materials, Structures, Systems and Methods for a More Sustainable Future: Proceedings SEMC 2025 - The Ninth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation / [ed] Alphose Zingoni, London: Informa UK Limited , 2025, p. 1267-1272Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The transition zones between bridges and adjacent tracks in high-speed railway systems arecritical areas where dynamic interactions between the train and track infrastructure can lead to significantmaintenance and structural challenges. These zones are particularly susceptible to issues due to the abruptchange in stiffness between the bridge structure and the adjacent track, resulting in complex stress patterns anddifferential settlement. This study investigates the impact of train travel direction on the dynamic behavior andstress distribution within bridge-transition zones. Advanced numerical modeling techniques, including finitedifference method (FDM) for modeling the rail structure, and the discrete element method (DEM) forsimulating the behavior of sleepers, ballast, and sub-ballast layers, were utilized to provide a comprehensivesimulation of the effects of trains approaching or departing from bridges. The findings reveal that train traveldirection affects structural behavior, track deformation, and differential settlement within these zones. Dynamic loading conditions, which vary depending on whether the train is moving onto or off the bridge, leadto uneven stress distributions. These stress variations contribute to differential settlement, where the track andunderlying materials settle at different rates, exacerbating track wear and increasing maintenance needs. Thisstudy provides key insights into enhancing the design and upkeep of bridge-transition zones by analyzing theimpact of train travel direction. The findings enable engineers and designers to develop strategies to mitigatethe adverse effects of differential settlement and stress concentration, thereby enhancing track longevity,reducing maintenance costs, and improving the overall safety and reliability of high-speed railway systems.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
London: Informa UK Limited , 2025. p. 1267-1272
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-371815DOI: 10.1201/9781003677895-213Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105022951242OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-371815DiVA, id: diva2:2007756
Conference
SEMC 2025 - The Ninth International Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation, Cape Town, South Africa, 1-3 Sep 2025
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, D8635
Note

Part of ISBN 9781041150015

QC 20251203

Available from: 2025-10-20 Created: 2025-10-20 Last updated: 2025-12-03Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. 3D discrete-continuum simulation of differential settlement in ballasted railway transition zones
Open this publication in new window or tab >>3D discrete-continuum simulation of differential settlement in ballasted railway transition zones
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The Discrete Element Method (DEM) is a powerful computational approach for analyzing granular materials, such as those found in railway embankments. While DEM offers high-resolution insights into particle-scale interactions by solving force-displacement equations based on Newtonian mechanics, its computational intensity and limitations in representing continuous structural components remain challenges. This study addresses two core issues in the DEM modeling of granular materials for high-speed railway applications.

Firstly, the study investigates the impact of particle scaling techniques on the shear behavior and computational efficiency of granular materials with fine angular particles. By examining variations in particle size distribution and angularity, it is demonstrated that appropriate scaling can substantially reduce simulation time without compromising accuracy.

Secondly, to address DEM's limitations in modeling continuous components such as rails and subgrade, a novel hybrid modeling approach is developed. This integrates a 3D DEM model for ballast and sub-ballast layers with a continuum-based Finite Difference Method (FDM) for rail beams and subgrade layers, and a nonlinear 2D Finite Element Method (FEM) to model vehicle–track dynamic interaction. The hybrid DEM–FDM–FEM framework enables the simulation of both short-term dynamic responses and long-term differential settlements in railway transition zones. A specialized Periodic Cell Replication Method is used to create large-scale DEM models, enhancing realism and computational efficiency.

Validation against full-scale physical experiments and benchmark FEM models confirms the framework’s ability to capture critical mechanisms such as gap formation beneath sleepers, stiffness gradients, and vertical misalignment induced by repeated axle loads. Results reveal how abrupt stiffness transitions amplify dynamic loads, leading to progressive settlement and degradation of track geometry. The study highlights the importance of combining granular and continuum modeling techniques to more accurately predict and mitigate long-term degradation in ballasted railway transition zones.

The study shows that a stiffness gradient at railway transition zones amplifies dynamic wheel–rail forces, leading to voided sleepers and a peak in ballast settlement a few meters into the softer track, highlighting the need for a gradual stiffness change to limit long-term differential settlement. 

Abstract [sv]

Den diskreta elementmetoden (DEM) är en kraftfull numerisk metod för att analysera granulära material, såsom de som förekommer i järnvägsbankar. Genom att lösa kraft-förskjutningsekvationer baserade på Newtonsk mekanik möjliggör DEM detaljerad analys på partikelskala. Dock kvarstår utmaningar relaterade till hög lång beräkningstid samt begränsningar i att modellera kontinuerliga strukturella komponenter. Denna studie behandlar två centrala frågeställningar i DEM-modelleringen av granulära material för höghastighetsjärnvägar.

Partikelskalning och dess inverkan på skjuvbeteende och beräkningseffektivitet. För det första undersöks hur olika tekniker för partikelskalning påverkar skjuvbeteendet och den numeriska effektiviteten hos granulära material bestående av finkorniga, kantiga partiklar. Genom att variera partikelstorleksfördelning och kantighet visar resultaten att en lämplig skalning av partiklarna kan reducera beräkningstiden avsevärt, utan att förlora noggrannhet i simuleringen.

Hybridmodellering av diskreta och kontinuerliga komponenter.För att övervinna DEM:s begränsningar vid modellering av kontinuerliga strukturer såsom räler och undergrund, utvecklas en ny hybridmodelleringsmetod. Denna metod kombinerar en tredimensionell DEM-modell för ballast- och underballastlager med en kontinuerlig Finita Differensmetod (FDM) för räler och undergrund. Dessutom inkluderas en icke-linjär tvådimensionell Finita Elementmetod (FEM) för att modellera den dynamiska interaktionen mellan fordon och spår. Detta integrerade DEM–FDM–FEM-ramverk möjliggör simulering av både kortsiktiga dynamiska responser och långsiktiga differentiella sättningar i övergångszoner för järnväg.

En särskild metod för periodisk cellreplikering används för att skapa storskaliga DEM-modeller, vilket förbättrar både realismen och den numeriska effektiviteten.

Modellen valideras mot storskaliga fysiska experiment samt etablerade FEM-referensmodeller. Resultaten bekräftar ramverkets förmåga att återge kritiska mekanismer såsom glappbildning under sliprar, styvhetsgradienter och vertikal avvikelse som uppstår till följd av upprepade axellaster. Studien visar att abrupta förändringar i styvhet förstärker de dynamiska belastningarna, vilket leder till progressiv sättning och degradering av spårgeometrin över tid.

Studien understryker vikten av att kombinera granulära och kontinuerliga modelleringsmetoder för att bättre förutsäga och motverka långsiktig degradering i ballasterade övergångszoner för järnväg.

Studien visar att en styvhetsgradient vid övergångszoner i järnväg förstärker dynamiska hjul–rälskrafter, vilket leder till urgröpta sliprar och en topp i ballastsättning några meter in i det mjukare spåret, vilket understryker behovet av en gradvis förändring i styvhet för att begränsa långsiktig differenssättning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 67
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2543
Keywords
Particle scaling, Ballasted track, Particle arrangement, Differential settlement, Transition zone
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-372016 (URN)978-91-8106-451-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-11-17, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, KTH Campus, public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67393008624, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Note

QC 20251028

Available from: 2025-10-28 Created: 2025-10-22 Last updated: 2026-01-16Bibliographically approved

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Ahmadi, AlirezaLarsson, Stefan

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