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Time-resolved X-ray radiography of through-thickness liquid transport in partly saturated needle-punched nonwovens
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Fiberprocesser.ORCID iD: 0009-0008-1972-0100
Lund University. (Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7970-2133
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Fiberprocesser.ORCID iD: 0009-0009-8589-865X
Lund University. (Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund)
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Nonwoven fibre networks underpin filtration, insulation and geotextiles, where liquid uptake, redistribution and release govern performance. In needle-punched felts, barbed needles mechanically entangle fibres and partially reorient them toward the thickness direction~($z$), creating out-of-plane “pillars” and heterogeneity. While mechanical and structural consequences of needling are well documented, dynamic $z$-direction transport in partly saturated networks remains difficult to access due to opacity and sub-second timescales. Here we combine micro-CT~(µCT) of dry structure with time-resolved X-ray radiography during droplet addition to quantify through-thickness transport as a function of saturation and needling intensity, using a compact Washburn-type descriptor for dynamics. Results show an exponential dependence of $z$-directional liquid transport on saturation, consistent with previous models for in-plane relative permeability of nonwoven networks. Additionally, increased needle-punch intensity reorients fibres toward the $z$-direction, forming preferential flow pathways that enhance through-thickness transport, even as single-phase permeability decreases. These findings underscore needle-punch as a key design parameter for tuning liquid transport in nonwoven fibre networks. The approach provides an experimental and modelling framework for dynamic, capillarity-driven transport in opaque fibrous materials.

National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-372158OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-372158DiVA, id: diva2:2009483
Note

QC 20251029

Available from: 2025-10-28 Created: 2025-10-28 Last updated: 2025-10-30Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Dynamic compression and liquid transport in fibre systems under press nip conditions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Dynamic compression and liquid transport in fibre systems under press nip conditions
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Paper, as a bio-based product, is a key material in advancing a sustainable circular economy. In papermaking, energy-intensive drying is required to remove residual water from the cellulose fibre network. Wet pressing is therefore a crucial step, reducing the water that must be evaporated in the dryer section and significantly lowering overall energy demand.

In wet pressing, the paper web enters a nip formed by two loaded rolls while supported by a press felt. The applied load drives water from the web through the felt into the voids of roll covers. Industrial observations suggest that the compression behaviour and saturation of both components strongly affect dewatering efficiency, yet their response under realistic press nip conditions remains insufficiently understood. This thesis aims to investigate the compressibility and liquid distribution of fibre systems under such conditions.

The work combines laboratory-scale experimental rigs, X-ray imaging techniques and calculation models derived from physical laws. This enables the quantification of dynamic compressibility and void volume loss in grooved polyurethane roll covers, a key factor in roll cover design. Studies of stress variations at the press felt–roll cover interface show that dewatering improves when high-permeability felt regions are created by the groove structure. The liquid distribution in press felts is characterised as a function of load and saturation, showing out-of-plane redistribution during compression due to the nonwoven morphology. Higher felt saturation enhances dynamic liquid transport, linking relative permeability to improved dewatering once nip saturation is reached. Finally, X-ray multi-projection imaging (XMPI) is shown to resolve pore-scale liquid transport mechanisms, enabling future studies of rewetting between the press felt and paper web.

Abstract [sv]

Papper, som en biobaserad produkt, är ett nyckelmaterial för en hållbar cirkulär ekonomi. Vid papperstillverkning krävs energikrävande torkning för att avlägsna kvarvarande vatten ur cellulosafibernätverket. Våtpressning är därför ett avgörande steg som minskar mängden vatten som måste avdunstas i torksektionen och därmed sänker energiförbrukningen.

I våtpressning passerar pappersbanan en presszon mellan två belastade valsar, stödd av en pressfilt. Belastningen driver vatten från banan genom filten och in i valsöverdragets hålrum. Observationer visar att kompressionsbeteende och mättnad i båda komponenterna starkt påverkar avvattningseffektiviteten, men deras respons under realistiska förhållanden är ännu inte fullt förstådd. Denna avhandling undersöker därför kompressibilitet och vätskefördelning i fibersystem under pressförhållanden.

Arbetet kombinerar laboratorieexperiment, röntgenavbildning och fysikbaserade modeller. Detta möjliggör kvantifiering av dynamisk kompressibilitet och hålvolymförlust i spårade polyuretanvalsöverdrag, en nyckelfaktor för valsdesign. Studier av belastningsvariationer i gränsskiktet filt–valsöverdrag visar att avvattningen förbättras när högpermeabla filteregioner skapas av spårstrukturen. Vätskefördelningen i pressfiltar karakteriseras som funktion av belastning och mättnad och visar omfördelning i z-led under kompression till följd av den icke-vävda morfologin. Högre filt­mättnad ökar den dynamiska vätsketransporten och kopplar relativ permeabilitet till observerade förbättringar i avvattning när nipmättnad uppnås. Slutligen visas att röntgenmultiprojektionsavbildning~(XMPI) kan upplösa vätsketransport på pornivå och möjliggör framtida studier av återvätning mellan pressfilt och pappersbana.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 59
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 31
Keywords
Wet pressing, Viscoelasticity, Dewatering, Stress Variations, Liquid Distribution, X-Ray, Synchrotron, Våtpressning, Viskoelasticitet, Avvattning, Spänningsvariationer, Vätskefördelning, Röntgenstrålning, Synkrotron
National Category
Applied Mechanics Fluid Mechanics
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-372161 (URN)978-91-8106-462-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-12-11, D3 / 4333, via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/66656634355, Lindstedtsvägen 5, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20251118

Available from: 2025-11-18 Created: 2025-10-28 Last updated: 2025-11-27Bibliographically approved

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Wegele, PatrickTejbo, JonasRosén, TomasGroetsch, AlexanderSöderberg, L. Daniel

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